An employer is a person or institution that hires employees or workers. Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers Nude Girl Rompl in exchange for the worker's labor power, depending upon whether the employee Nude Girl Rompl is paid by the hour or a Nude Girl Rompl set rate Nude Girl Rompl per pay Nude Girl Rompl period. A salaried employee is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum, whereas wages are paid for all hours worked, including Nude Girl Rompl overtime.
Employers include everything from individuals hiring Nude Girl Rompl a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees. In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most Nude Girl Rompl of the work Nude Girl Rompl force is employed Nude Girl Rompl in small and Nude Girl Rompl medium businesses in the private sector.
Note that although employees may Nude Girl Rompl contribute to the evolution of an an enterprise, the employer maintains autonomous control Nude Girl Rompl over the productive base Nude Girl Rompl of land and capital, and is the entity named in contracts. The employer typically also Nude Girl Rompl maintains ownership of intellectual property created by an employee within the scope of employment Nude Girl Rompl and as a function thereof. These are known as "works for hire".
An employers� Nude Girl Rompl relative level of power over employees Nude Girl Rompl is dependent upon numerous factors; Nude Girl Rompl the Nude Girl Rompl most influential being the nature of the employment relationship. The relationship employers Nude Girl Rompl share with employees is affected by three significant factors � interests, control and motivation. It is up to employers to effectively manage and Nude Girl Rompl balance these factors to ensure a harmonious and productive working relationship.
The balance of economic efficiency and social equity is Nude Girl Rompl the ultimate debate in the field of employment Nude Girl Rompl relations. Nude Girl Rompl By meeting the Nude Girl Rompl needs Nude Girl Rompl of the employer; generating profits to establish and maintain economic efficiency; whilst maintaining Nude Girl Rompl a balance with the employee and creating social Nude Girl Rompl equity that benefits the worker so that he/she can fund and enjoy healthy living; proves to be a Nude Girl Rompl continuous revolving issue in westernised societies.
Globalisation has effected these issues by creating certain economic factors that disallow or allow various employment issues. Economist Edward Lee Nude Girl Rompl (1996) studies the effects of globalisation and summarizes the four major points of concern that effect employment relations: (1) Nude Girl Rompl International competition, from the Nude Girl Rompl newly industrialized countries, will cause unemployment growth and increased wage disparity for unskilled workers in industrialized countries. Imports from low-wage countries exert pressure on the Nude Girl Rompl manufacturing sector in industrialized countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) is attracted away from the industrialized Nude Girl Rompl nations, towards low-waged countries. Nude Girl Rompl (2) Economic liberalization will result in unemployment and wage inequality in developing countries. This happens Nude Girl Rompl as job losses in un-competitive industries outstrip job opportunities in new Nude Girl Rompl industries. Workers will be forced to accept worsening wages and conditions, as a global labour market results in a Nude Girl Rompl �race to the bottom�. Increased international competition creates a pressure to reduce the wages and conditions Nude Girl Rompl of workers. Globalization reduces the autonomy of the nation state. Nude Girl Rompl Capital is increasingly mobile and the ability of the state to regulate economic Nude Girl Rompl activity is reduced.
What also result�s Nude Girl Rompl to Lee�s (1996) Nude Girl Rompl findings is that in Nude Girl Rompl industrialized countries an average Nude Girl Rompl of almost 70 per cent Nude Girl Rompl of workers are employed in the service sector, Nude Girl Rompl most of which consists of non-tradable activities. As a result workers are either forced to become more skilled an develop sought after trades or become of this sector. Ultimately this is a result of changes and trends of employment, an evolving Nude Girl Rompl workforce and globalisation Nude Girl Rompl that is represented by a Nude Girl Rompl more skilled and increasing highly diverse labour force, that Nude Girl Rompl are growing in non standard forms of employment
Interests can be best described as monetary constraints and economic pressures placed on organizations in their pursuit of profits. It covers facets such as labour productivity, wages and the Nude Girl Rompl effect Nude Girl Rompl of financial markets on businesses.
Wood et al (2004, p 355) describe control can as being either output focused, focusing Nude Girl Rompl on desired targets with within managers defining, and using, their own methods for reaching targets, or process controls, which specify the manner in which tasks will be achieved (Ibid, p. 357). Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming the fundamental Nude Girl Rompl link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Thus employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of Nude Girl Rompl labour productivity in order to achieve a prolific employment relationship.
Motivation is the third and most difficult of the factors in the employment relationship for employers Nude Girl Rompl to effectively manage. Employee motivation can often be in direct conflict with control mechanisms of Nude Girl Rompl employers, and can be broadly defined as that which energizes, directs and sustains Nude Girl Rompl human behaviour ( Nude Girl Rompl Stone, 2005, p 412). Dubin (1958, p 213) further elaborates on this, noting motivation as �something that moves a person to action, and continues him in the course of action Nude Girl Rompl already initiated.�
The employment relationship is thus Nude Girl Rompl a difficult challenge Nude Girl Rompl for Nude Girl Rompl employers to manage, as all three facets are often in direct competition with each other, with interests, control and motivation often clashing in the equally Nude Girl Rompl important quest for individual employee autonomy ,employer Nude Girl Rompl command and ultimate profits. |
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