Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the Cloverfield The Movie motion picture industry. Films are produced by recording images from the world Cloverfield The Movie with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts Cloverfield The Movie created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, Cloverfield The Movie affect them. Film is considered to be an important Cloverfield The Movie art form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method Cloverfield The Movie for educating � or indoctrinating � citizens. Cloverfield The Movie The visual elements of cinema gives motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate Cloverfield The Movie the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of Cloverfield The Movie a series of individual images called Cloverfield The Movie frames. When these images are shown rapidly in Cloverfield The Movie succession, a viewer has the illusion that motion is occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due to an effect known as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called Cloverfield The Movie film stock) had historically been the Cloverfield The Movie primary medium Cloverfield The Movie for recording and Cloverfield The Movie displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist Cloverfield The Movie for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture Cloverfield The Movie show, Cloverfield The Movie photo-play, flick, and most commonly, movie. Additional Cloverfield The Movie terms for the Cloverfield The Movie field in Cloverfield The Movie general include the Cloverfield The Movie big screen, the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional images Movie Thumbs in motion were demonstrated with Cloverfield The Movie devices Cloverfield The Movie such as the Cloverfield The Movie zoetrope and Cloverfield The Movie the praxinoscope. These machines were outgrowths Cloverfield The Movie of simple optical devices (such as magic Cloverfield The Movie lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures Cloverfield The Movie at sufficient speed for the images on Cloverfield The Movie the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence of vision. Naturally, the Cloverfield The Movie images needed to be carefully designed to achieve Cloverfield The Movie the desired effect � and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the Cloverfield The Movie world's earliest film, by Louis Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for Cloverfield The Movie still photography, it became possible to directly capture objects in motion in real time. Early versions of the technology sometimes required a Cloverfield The Movie person to look into a viewing machine to see the Cloverfield The Movie pictures which were separate paper prints attached to a drum turned by a handcrank. The pictures were shown at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per Cloverfield The Movie second depending on how rapidly the crank Cloverfield The Movie was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the Gay Movie 1880s, the development of Cloverfield The Movie the motion Cloverfield The Movie picture camera allowed the individual component Cloverfield The Movie images to be captured and stored on a single Cloverfield The Movie reel, and led Cloverfield The Movie quickly to the development Cloverfield The Movie of Cloverfield The Movie a motion picture projector Cloverfield The Movie to Cloverfield The Movie shine light through Cloverfield The Movie the processed Cloverfield The Movie and printed film and magnify these "moving picture shows" onto a screen for an Cloverfield The Movie entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be known as "motion pictures". Early Cloverfield The Movie motion pictures were Cloverfield The Movie static Cloverfield The Movie shots that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's early sound Cloverfield The Movie experiments (1894), Cloverfield The Movie commercial motion pictures were Cloverfield The Movie purely visual art through the late Movie How High 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Cloverfield The Movie films began developing Cloverfield The Movie a Cloverfield The Movie narrative structure by stringing Cloverfield The Movie scenes together to tell narratives. The scenes were later broken up into multiple Cloverfield The Movie shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement Cloverfield The Movie were realized as effective ways to portray Cloverfield The Movie a story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or a full orchestra to play music fitting the Cloverfield The Movie mood of the film The Strangers Movie at any given moment. By the early 1920s, Cloverfield The Movie most films came with a prepared list Cloverfield The Movie of sheet music for this purpose, with complete film scores being composed for major productions.
A shot from Georges Melies Le Voyage Cloverfield The Movie dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European cinema was interrupted by the breakout of World War I while the film industry in United States flourished with the rise of Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator D. W. Griffith and the contributions of Charles Cloverfield The Movie Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach Cloverfield The Movie to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized with the action on Cloverfield The Movie the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major Cloverfield The Movie step in the development of cinema was the Cloverfield The Movie introduction of Cloverfield The Movie so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent film and theater musicians, color was adopted more Downloadable Movie Trailers gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation needed] but as color processes Cloverfield The Movie improved and became as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed Cloverfield The Movie in color after the Cloverfield The Movie end Cloverfield The Movie of World War II, as the industry in America Cloverfield The Movie came to view color as essential to attracting audiences Cloverfield The Movie in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the Cloverfield The Movie decline of the studio system in Cloverfield The Movie the 1960s, the succeeding decades saw Cloverfield The Movie changes in the production and style of film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and the rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium experienced in the latter half of the 20th century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout the 1990s and Cloverfield The Movie into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film Cloverfield The Movie theory
Film theory seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Cloverfield The Movie Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Cloverfield The Movie Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality, Cloverfield The Movie and thus could be considered a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. Cloverfield The Movie More Cloverfield The Movie recent analysis Cloverfield The Movie spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Cloverfield The Movie Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other Cloverfield The Movie things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and evaluation of films. In general, these works can be Cloverfield The Movie divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic Cloverfield The Movie film criticism that appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film critics working for newspapers, magazines, Cloverfield The Movie and broadcast media mainly review new Cloverfield The Movie releases. Normally they only see any given film once and have only a Cloverfield The Movie day Cloverfield The Movie or two to formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, Cloverfield The Movie especially those of certain genres. Mass Cloverfield The Movie marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. The plot summary Cloverfield The Movie and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide to see a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The Cloverfield The Movie impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so intense and well financed that reviewers cannot Cloverfield The Movie make an impact against it. However, Cloverfield The Movie the cataclysmic failure of Cloverfield The Movie some heavily-promoted Cloverfield The Movie Atonement Movie movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected Cloverfield The Movie success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable Cloverfield The Movie influence. Others note that positive film Cloverfield The Movie reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there Cloverfield The Movie have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing Cloverfield The Movie to Cloverfield The Movie avoid widespread panning of the Cloverfield The Movie film. However, this usually backfires Cloverfield The Movie as reviewers are wise to the Cloverfield The Movie tactic and warn the public that the film may Cloverfield The Movie not be worth seeing and the films often do poorly as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are Cloverfield The Movie those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known Cloverfield The Movie as film Cloverfield The Movie theory or film studies. These film critics Cloverfield The Movie attempt to come to understand how film Cloverfield The Movie and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on Cloverfield The Movie people. Cloverfield The Movie Rather than having their works published in newspapers Cloverfield The Movie or appear on television, their articles are published in scholarly Cloverfield The Movie journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the process Cloverfield The Movie was invented. Upon seeing Cloverfield The Movie how successful their new invention, and its Cloverfield The Movie product, was in their native France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to exhibit the first films privately to royalty and Cloverfield The Movie publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes Cloverfield The Movie to their catalogue and, quickly enough, found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Europe to buy their equipment and photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion Cloverfield The Movie picture ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a Cloverfield The Movie separate industry that overshadowed Cloverfield The Movie the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to produce and distribute films, while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Charlie Chaplin had a contract Cloverfield The Movie that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the United States today, much of the Cloverfield The Movie film industry is centered around Hollywood. Cloverfield The Movie Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some Cloverfield The Movie debate.[citation needed] Though the expense involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have Cloverfield The Movie allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Cloverfield The Movie Costner's Waterworld. Cloverfield The Movie Yet many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made Cloverfield The Movie in lieu of or Cloverfield The Movie in Cloverfield The Movie addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers to a showing of a movie to a select Cloverfield The Movie audience, usually for the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public Cloverfield The Movie film premiere itself. Cloverfield The Movie Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if unexpectedly negative, may Cloverfield The Movie result in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been shown at the end of Cloverfield The Movie a film programme. That Cloverfield The Movie practice did Cloverfield The Movie not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film Cloverfield The Movie (or the A movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the film determines the size Cloverfield The Movie and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood Cloverfield The Movie adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may Cloverfield The Movie be made with a skeleton crew, often paid Cloverfield The Movie very little. Also, an open Cloverfield The Movie source film may be produced through open, Cloverfield The Movie collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes Cloverfield The Movie place all over Cloverfield The Movie the world using different technologies, styles of acting Cloverfield The Movie and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. The first year is taken up with development. The second Cloverfield The Movie year comprises preproduction and production. The third year, post-production Cloverfield The Movie and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is a group of people hired by a film company, employed during the "production" Cloverfield The Movie or "photography" phase, for the Cloverfield The Movie purpose of producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera Cloverfield The Movie or provide Cloverfield The Movie voices Cloverfield The Movie for characters in the film. The crew interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of Cloverfield The Movie producers, managers, company representatives, their assistants, Cloverfield The Movie and those whose Cloverfield The Movie primary responsibility falls Cloverfield The Movie in pre-production or post-production phases, such Cloverfield The Movie as writers and editors. Communication between Cloverfield The Movie production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments Cloverfield The Movie with well defined Cloverfield The Movie hierarchies and Cloverfield The Movie standards Cloverfield The Movie for interaction and cooperation between the departments. Other than acting, the crew handles everything Cloverfield The Movie in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in the film Cloverfield The Movie industry as "craft services") are usually Cloverfield The Movie not considered Cloverfield The Movie part Cloverfield The Movie of the crew.
|
Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with Cloverfield The Movie an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cloverfield The Movie Cellulose nitrate was Cloverfield The Movie the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Cloverfield The Movie Stock widths and the film Cloverfield The Movie format for images on Cloverfield The Movie the reel have had a rich history, though most large commercial Cloverfield The Movie films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as Cloverfield The Movie 35 mm prints.
Originally moving picture film was shot and projected at various speeds using Cloverfield The Movie hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 frames per minute (16? Cloverfield The Movie frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often Cloverfield The Movie reels included instructions on Cloverfield The Movie how fast each Cloverfield The Movie scene should Cloverfield The Movie be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant Cloverfield The Movie speed was required for the sound head. 24 frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest Cloverfield The Movie (and thus cheapest) Cloverfield The Movie Free Movie Trailers To Watch speed which Cloverfield The Movie allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record Cloverfield The Movie at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the Cloverfield The Movie same speed as its Cloverfield The Movie corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded separately from Cloverfield The Movie shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited to motion pictures, since the technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present a progressive sequence of still images in the form of a slideshow. Film has also been incorporated into multimedia presentations, and often has importance as primary historical documentation. Cloverfield The Movie However, historic films have problems in terms of preservation and storage, and the motion Cloverfield The Movie picture Cloverfield The Movie industry is Cloverfield The Movie exploring Cloverfield The Movie many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have Cloverfield The Movie been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color Cloverfield The Movie films through the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, Cloverfield The Movie green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse of the Cloverfield The Movie Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, Cloverfield The Movie although Cloverfield The Movie their continued obsolescence cycle makes Cloverfield The Movie them (as of 2006) a poor choice Cloverfield The Movie for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter Cloverfield The Movie of concern to both film historians and archivists, Cloverfield The Movie and to companies interested in preserving Cloverfield The Movie their existing products in order Cloverfield The Movie to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally Cloverfield The Movie a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color Cloverfield The Movie films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up much better, assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern digital video cameras and digital projectors are gaining Cloverfield The Movie ground as well. Cloverfield The Movie These approaches are extremely beneficial Cloverfield The Movie to moviemakers, especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, Cloverfield The Movie and as of 2005 most Cloverfield The Movie major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main Cloverfield The Movie article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent Cloverfield The Movie film (or indie film) is Cloverfield The Movie a film initially produced without financing or distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, Cloverfield The Movie and technological reasons have all contributed to the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early 21st century.
On the business side, the costs of big-budget studio films Cloverfield The Movie also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost Cloverfield The Movie of professional film equipment and stock was Cloverfield The Movie also a hurdle to being able to Cloverfield The Movie produce, direct, or star in a Cloverfield The Movie traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of high-resolution digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the Cloverfield The Movie technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both production and post-production Cloverfield The Movie costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and software for post-production can be installed in a commodity-based personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system Cloverfield The Movie pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer Cloverfield The Movie level software such as Cloverfield The Movie Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of Cloverfield The Movie DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably Cloverfield The Movie shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the Cloverfield The Movie sound and music, and mix the final Cloverfield The Movie cut Cloverfield The Movie on a home computer. However, while the means of production Cloverfield The Movie may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing Cloverfield The Movie remain difficult to Cloverfield The Movie accomplish outside Cloverfield The Movie the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold Cloverfield The Movie for distribution. The arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making Cloverfield The Movie landscape in ways Cloverfield The Movie that Cloverfield The Movie are Cloverfield The Movie still to be determined.
Open Cloverfield The Movie content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent Cloverfield The Movie film, but it is produced through Cloverfield The Movie open collaborations; Cloverfield The Movie its source Cloverfield The Movie material Cloverfield The Movie is Cloverfield The Movie available under a license which is permissive enough to allow Cloverfield The Movie other parties Cloverfield The Movie to create fan fiction or derivative works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan Cloverfield The Movie film is a film or video inspired by Cloverfield The Movie a film, Cloverfield The Movie television program, comic book or a similar source, created by Cloverfield The Movie fans rather than by Cloverfield The Movie the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced Tawnee Stone Movie by professional filmmakers as film school class projects or as demonstration reels. Fan films vary tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion Cloverfield The Movie pictures to rarer Cloverfield The Movie full-length Cloverfield The Movie motion pictures
Animation is the technique in which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing a Celebrity Movie Archive Browse drawn image, Cloverfield The Movie or by repeatedly making small changes to a model Cloverfield The Movie unit (see claymation and stop motion), and Cloverfield The Movie then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per Cloverfield The Movie second, there is an illusion of Cloverfield The Movie continuous Movie Bella movement (due to the persistence of Cloverfield The Movie vision). Generating such a film Cloverfield The Movie is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development Cloverfield The Movie of computer animation has greatly sped up the process.
File formats Cloverfield The Movie like GIF, QuickTime, Shockwave Cloverfield The Movie and Flash allow animation to be viewed on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is Cloverfield The Movie very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of Old Movie Trailers Tupac independent animation has existed at least since the 1950s, Cloverfield The Movie with animation being produced by independent studios (and Cloverfield The Movie sometimes by a single Cloverfield The Movie person). Cloverfield The Movie Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation Cloverfield The Movie is a way of increasing production and decreasing Cloverfield The Movie costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the animation process. This method was pioneered by UPA Cloverfield The Movie and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital Cloverfield The Movie technologies in their productions, Cloverfield The Movie there is a Cloverfield The Movie specific Cloverfield The Movie style of animation that Cloverfield The Movie depends on film. Cameraless animation, made Cloverfield The Movie famous Cloverfield The Movie by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Stan Brakhage, is painted Cloverfield The Movie and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When it Cloverfield The Movie is initially Cloverfield The Movie produced, a feature film is often shown to Cloverfield The Movie audiences in a movie theater Cloverfield The Movie or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such Movie Facts theaters Cloverfield The Movie were Cloverfield The Movie built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United Cloverfield The Movie States, these theaters came to be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost Cloverfield The Movie a nickel (five cents).
Typically, one film is the featured presentation Cloverfield The Movie (or feature film). Before the 1970s, there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A Cloverfield The Movie picture" rented Cloverfield The Movie by an independent theater for a lump sum, and a "B picture" of lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists Cloverfield The Movie of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made Cloverfield The Movie to be shown in movie theaters. The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in Cloverfield The Movie theaters. Recording technology has also enabled consumers to rent or Cloverfield The Movie buy copies of films on Cloverfield The Movie VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Internet downloads may be available and have Cloverfield The Movie started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some films are now made specifically for these other venues, being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often Cloverfield The Movie considered to be of inferior quality Cloverfield The Movie compared to Cloverfield The Movie theatrical releases in similar genres, and Cloverfield The Movie indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios Cloverfield The Movie upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with a number higher than that, and decreases as Cloverfield The Movie the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, Cloverfield The Movie today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that most movies are shown in first-run theaters for less Cloverfield The Movie than 8 weeks. Cloverfield The Movie There are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release movies that start in only a few theaters and actually grow their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came from box office ticket sales; 46% Cloverfield The Movie came from VHS and DVD sales Cloverfield The Movie to consumers; and 28% came from television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future state
While motion picture films have been around for more than a century, film is still a relative newcomer in the pantheon Cloverfield The Movie of fine arts. In the 1950s, when television became widely available, industry Cloverfield The Movie analysts predicted the demise of local movie theaters. Despite competition Cloverfield The Movie from television's Cloverfield The Movie increasing technological sophistication over the Cloverfield The Movie 1960s and 1970s, such as the development of color television and large screens, motion picture cinemas continued. In the 1980s, when the widespread availability of inexpensive videocassette recorders enabled people to select films for home viewing, industry analysts Cloverfield The Movie again wrongly predicted the death of the Cloverfield The Movie local cinemas.
In the 1990s and 2000s Cloverfield The Movie the development of digital DVD players, home theater amplification systems with surround sound and subwoofers, and large LCD or plasma screens enabled people to select and view films at Cloverfield The Movie home with greatly improved audio Cloverfield The Movie and visual reproduction. These Cloverfield The Movie new Cloverfield The Movie technologies provided audio and visual that in the past only local cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts Cloverfield The Movie predicted the demise of the local cinema. Local cinemas Cloverfield The Movie will be changing in the 2000s and moving towards digital screens, a new approach which will allow for easier and quicker distribution of films (via satellite or hard disks), a development which may give local theaters a reprieve from their Cloverfield The Movie predicted demise.
The cinema now faces a new Cloverfield The Movie challenge from home video by the likes Cloverfield The Movie of a new DVD format Blu-ray, which can provide full HD 1080p Cloverfield The Movie video playback Cloverfield The Movie at near cinema quality. Video formats are gradually catching up with the resolutions and quality that Cloverfield The Movie film offers, 1080p in Blu-ray Cloverfield The Movie offers a pixel resolution of 1920?1080 a leap Cloverfield The Movie from the DVD offering Cloverfield The Movie of 720?480 and the paltry 330?480 offered by the first home video standard VHS. The maximum resolutions that film currently offers Cloverfield The Movie are 2485?2970 or Cloverfield The Movie 1420?3390, UHD, a future digital video format, will offer a massive resolution of 7680?4320, surpassing all current film resolutions. The only viable |
