Film is a term that encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an art form, and the motion Celebrity Movie Archive Newest picture industry. Films Celebrity Movie Archive Newest are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or special effects.
Films are cultural artifacts created by Celebrity Movie Archive Newest specific Celebrity Movie Archive Newest cultures, which Celebrity Movie Archive Newest reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment and a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest powerful method for educating � Celebrity Movie Archive Newest or indoctrinating � citizens. The visual elements of cinema gives motion Celebrity Movie Archive Newest pictures Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest universal power of communication. Some Celebrity Movie Archive Newest films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.
Traditional films are made up of a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest series of individual Celebrity Movie Archive Newest images called frames. When these images are shown rapidly in succession, a viewer Celebrity Movie Archive Newest has the illusion that motion is Celebrity Movie Archive Newest occurring. The viewer cannot see the flickering between frames due Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to an effect known Celebrity Movie Archive Newest as persistence of vision, whereby the eye retains a
The origin of the name "film" comes from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) had historically been the primary medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, photo-play, flick, and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest most commonly, movie. Additional terms for the field in general include the big screen, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the silver screen, the cinema, and the movies.In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing artificially created, two-dimensional Celebrity Movie Archive Newest images in motion were demonstrated with devices such Celebrity Movie Archive Newest as the zoetrope and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the praxinoscope. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such Celebrity Movie Archive Newest as magic lanterns) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called persistence Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of vision. Naturally, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest images needed to be carefully designed to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest achieve the desired effect � and the underlying Celebrity Movie Archive Newest principle became the basis for the development of film animation.
A frame from Roundhay Garden Scene, the world's earliest Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film, by Louis Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Le Prince, 1888
With the development of celluloid film for still photography, it became possible to directly capture Celebrity Movie Archive Newest objects in motion in real time. Early versions of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the technology sometimes required a person to look into a viewing machine to see the pictures which were separate paper prints Celebrity Movie Archive Newest attached to a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest drum turned by a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest handcrank. The pictures Celebrity Movie Archive Newest were shown Celebrity Movie Archive Newest at a variable speed of about 5 to 10 pictures per second depending on how rapidly the crank was turned. Some of these machines were coin operated. By the 1880s, the development of the motion picture Celebrity Movie Archive Newest camera allowed the individual component images to be captured and stored on a single reel, and led quickly to the development of a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest motion picture projector to shine Celebrity Movie Archive Newest light through the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest processed Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and printed Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film and magnify these "moving Celebrity Movie Archive Newest picture shows" onto a screen for Celebrity Movie Archive Newest an entire audience. These reels, so exhibited, came to be Celebrity Movie Archive Newest known as "motion pictures". Early motion pictures were static shots that showed an event Celebrity Movie Archive Newest or action with no editing or other cinematic Celebrity Movie Archive Newest techniques.
Ignoring Dickson's Celebrity Movie Archive Newest early sound experiments (1894), Celebrity Movie Archive Newest commercial motion Celebrity Movie Archive Newest pictures were Celebrity Movie Archive Newest purely visual art through the late 19th century, but these innovative silent films had gained a hold on the public imagination. Around the turn of the twentieth century, films began developing a narrative structure Celebrity Movie Archive Newest by stringing scenes together to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest tell narratives. The scenes Celebrity Movie Archive Newest were later broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were realized as effective ways to portray a Celebrity Movie Archive Newest story on film. Rather than leave the audience in silence, theater owners would hire a pianist or organist or Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a full orchestra to play music fitting the mood of the film at any given moment. By Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the early 1920s, most films came with a prepared list of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest sheet Celebrity Movie Archive Newest music for Celebrity Movie Archive Newest this Celebrity Movie Archive Newest purpose, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest with complete film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest scores being composed for major productions.
A shot Celebrity Movie Archive Newest from Georges Melies Le Voyage dans Celebrity Movie Archive Newest la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
The rise of European Celebrity Movie Archive Newest cinema was interrupted Celebrity Movie Archive Newest by the breakout of World War I while the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film industry in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest United States flourished with the rise of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Hollywood. However in the 1920s, European filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, F. W. Downloadable Movie Trailers Murnau, and Fritz Lang, along with American innovator Celebrity Movie Archive Newest D. W. Griffith Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and the contributions of Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton and others, continued to advance the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest medium. In the 1920s, new technology allowed filmmakers to attach to each film a soundtrack of speech, music and sound effects synchronized Celebrity Movie Archive Newest with the action on the screen. These sound films were initially distinguished Celebrity Movie Archive Newest by calling them "talking pictures", or talkies.
The next major step in the development of cinema Celebrity Movie Archive Newest was the introduction of so-called "natural" color. While the addition of sound quickly eclipsed silent Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film and theater musicians, color was adopted more Celebrity Movie Archive Newest gradually as methods evolved making it more practical and cost effective to produce "natural color" films. The public was relatively indifferent to color photography as opposed to black-and-white,[citation Celebrity Movie Archive Newest needed] Celebrity Movie Archive Newest but as Celebrity Movie Archive Newest color processes improved and became Celebrity Movie Archive Newest as affordable as black-and-white film, more and more movies were filmed in color after the end of World War II, as the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest industry in America came to view color as essential to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest attracting audiences in its competition with television, which remained a black-and-white medium until the mid-1960s. By the end of the 1960s, col
Since the decline of the studio system in the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest 1960s, the succeeding decades saw changes in the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest production and style of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film. New Hollywood, French New Wave and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest rise of film school educated independent filmmakers were all part of the changes the medium Celebrity Movie Archive Newest experienced in the latter half of the 20th Celebrity Movie Archive Newest century. Digital technology has been the driving force in change throughout Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the 1990s and into the 21st century.
Theory
Main article: Film theory
Film theory seeks to develop Celebrity Movie Archive Newest concise and systematic Celebrity Movie Archive Newest concepts that apply Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to the study of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film as art. It was started by Ricciotto Canudo's Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Bela Balazs, and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Siegfried Kracauer, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest emphasized how film differed from reality, and thus could be considered Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a valid fine art. Andre Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among Celebrity Movie Archive Newest other things has given rise to psychoanalytical film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest others.
Criticism
Main article: Film criticism
Film criticism is the analysis and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest evaluation of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest films. In general, these works can Celebrity Movie Archive Newest be divided into two categories: academic criticism by film scholars and journalistic film criticism that Celebrity Movie Archive Newest appears regularly in newspapers and other media.
Film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest critics working for Celebrity Movie Archive Newest newspapers, magazines, and broadcast media mainly review new releases. Normally they only see Celebrity Movie Archive Newest any given film once and have only a day or two to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest formulate opinions. Despite this, critics have an important impact on films, especially those of certain genres. Mass marketed action, horror, and comedy films tend not to be greatly affected by a critic's overall judgment of a film. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The plot summary and description of a film that makes up the majority of any film review can still have an important impact on whether people decide Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to see Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a film. For prestige films such as most dramas, the influence Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of reviews is extremely important. Poor reviews will often doom a film to obscurity and financial loss.
The impact of a reviewer on a given film's box office performance is a matter of debate. Some claim that movie marketing is now so Celebrity Movie Archive Newest intense and well financed that reviewers cannot make an impact against it. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest However, the cataclysmic failure of some heavily-promoted movies which were harshly reviewed, as well as the unexpected success of critically praised independent movies indicates that extreme critical reactions can have considerable influence. Others note that positive film reviews have been shown to spark interest in little-known films. Conversely, there have been several films in which film companies have so little confidence that they refuse to give reviewers an advanced viewing to avoid Celebrity Movie Archive Newest widespread panning of the film. However, this usually Celebrity Movie Archive Newest backfires as reviewers are wise to the tactic and warn the public that the film may not be worth seeing Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and the films often do poorly Celebrity Movie Archive Newest as a result.
It is argued that journalist film critics should only be known as film reviewers, and true film critics are those who take a more academic approach to films. This line of work is more often known as film theory or film studies. These film critics attempt to come to understand how film and filming techniques work, and what effect they have on people. Rather than Atonement Movie having their works published in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest newspapers or appear on television, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest their articles are published in scholarly journals, or sometimes in up-market magazines. They Celebrity Movie Archive Newest also tend to be affiliated with colleges or universities.
Industry
Main article: Film industry
The making and showing of motion pictures became a source of profit almost as soon as the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest process was invented. Upon seeing how successful their new invention, and its Celebrity Movie Archive Newest product, was in their native Celebrity Movie Archive Newest France, the Lumieres quickly set about touring the Continent to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest exhibit the first Free Movie Trailers To Watch films privately to royalty and publicly to the masses. In each country, they would normally add new, local scenes to their catalogue and, quickly Celebrity Movie Archive Newest enough, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest found local entrepreneurs in the various countries of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Europe to buy their equipment and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest photograph, export, import and screen additional product commercially. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The Oberammergau Passion Play of 1898[citation needed] was the first commercial motion picture Celebrity Movie Archive Newest ever produced. Other pictures soon followed, and motion pictures became a separate industry that Celebrity Movie Archive Newest overshadowed the vaudeville world. Dedicated theaters and companies formed specifically to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest produce and distribute films, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest while motion picture actors became major celebrities and commanded huge fees for their performances. Already by 1917, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Charlie Chaplin had a contract that called for an annual salary of one million dollars.
In the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest United States today, much of the film industry is Celebrity Movie Archive Newest centered around Hollywood. Other regional centers exist in many parts of the world, such as Mumbai-centered Bollywood, the Indian film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest industry's Hindi cinema which produces the largest Celebrity Movie Archive Newest number of films in the world.[1] Whether the ten thousand-plus feature length films a year produced by Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the Valley pornographic film industry should qualify for this title is the source of some debate.[citation Tawnee Stone Movie needed] Though the expense Celebrity Movie Archive Newest involved in making movies has led cinema production to concentrate under the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest auspices of movie studios, recent advances in affordable film making equipment have allowed independent film productions to flourish.
Profit is a key force in the industry, due to the costly and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest risky nature of filmmaking; many films have large cost Celebrity Movie Archive Newest overruns, a notorious example being Kevin Costner's Waterworld. Yet Celebrity Movie Archive Browse many filmmakers strive to create works of lasting social significance. The Academy Awards (also known as Celebrity Movie Archive Newest "the Oscars") are the most prominent film awards in the United Celebrity Movie Archive Newest States, providing recognition each year to films, ostensibly based on their artistic merits.
There Celebrity Movie Archive Newest is also a large industry for educational and instructional films made in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest lieu of or in addition to lectures and texts.
Preview
A preview performance refers Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to a showing Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of a movie to a select audience, usually for Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the purposes of corporate promotions, before the public film premiere itself. Previews are sometimes used to judge audience reaction, which if Celebrity Movie Archive Newest unexpectedly negative, may result Celebrity Movie Archive Newest in recutting or even refilming certain sections. (cf Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Audience response.)
Trailer
Main article: Trailer (film)
Trailers or previews are film advertisements for films that will be exhibited in the future at a cinema, on whose screen they are shown. The term "trailer" comes from their having originally been Celebrity Movie Archive Newest shown at the end of a film programme. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest That Celebrity Movie Archive Newest practice did Celebrity Movie Archive Newest not last long, because patrons tended to leave the theater after the films ended, but the name has stuck. Trailers are now shown before the film (or the A Celebrity Movie Archive Newest movie in a double feature program) begins.
The nature of the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film determines the size and type of crew required during filmmaking. Many Hollywood adventure films need computer generated imagery (CGI), created by dozens of 3D modellers, animators, rotoscopers and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest compositors. However, a low-budget, independent film may be made with a skeleton crew, often paid very little. Also, an open source film may be produced through open, collaborative processes. Filmmaking takes place all over Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the world using different technologies, styles Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of acting and genre, and is produced in a variety of economic contexts that range from state-sponsored Celebrity Movie Archive Newest documentary in China to profit-oriented movie making within the American studio system.
This production cycle typically takes three years. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The first year Celebrity Movie Archive Newest is taken up with development. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The second year comprises preproduction and production. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The third Celebrity Movie Archive Newest year, post-production and distribution.
Crew
Main article: Film crew
A film crew is Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a group of people hired Celebrity Movie Archive Newest by a film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest company, employed during the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest "production" or "photography" phase, for the purpose of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest producing a film or motion picture. Crew are distinguished from cast, the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide Celebrity Movie Archive Newest voices for Celebrity Movie Archive Newest characters in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film. The crew Celebrity Movie Archive Newest interacts with but is also distinct from the production staff, consisting of producers, managers, company Celebrity Movie Archive Newest representatives, their assistants, and those whose primary Celebrity Movie Archive Newest responsibility falls in pre-production Celebrity Movie Archive Newest or post-production phases, such as writers and editors. Communication between production and crew generally passes through the director and his/her staff of assistants. Medium-to-large crews are generally divided into departments with well defined hierarchies and standards for interaction and cooperation Celebrity Movie Archive Newest between the departments. Other than acting, the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest crew handles everything in the photography phase: props and costumes, shooting, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest sound, electrics (i.e., lights), sets, and production special effects. Caterers (known in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the film industry as "craft services") are usually not considered part of the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest crew.
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Technology
Film stock consists of transparent celluloid, acetate, or polyester base coated with an emulsion containing light-sensitive chemicals. Cellulose nitrate was the first type of film base used to record motion pictures, but due to its Celebrity Movie Archive Newest flammability was eventually replaced by safer materials. Stock widths and the film format for images on the reel have had a rich history, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest though Celebrity Movie Archive Newest most large commercial films are still shot on (and distributed to theaters) as 35 mm prints.
Originally Celebrity Movie Archive Newest moving picture Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film was shot and projected at various speeds using hand-cranked cameras and projectors; though 1000 Celebrity Movie Archive Newest frames per minute Celebrity Movie Archive Newest (16? frame/s) is generally cited as a standard silent speed, research indicates most films were shot between 16 frame/s and 23 frame/s and projected from 18 frame/s on up (often reels included instructions on how fast Celebrity Movie Archive Newest each Celebrity Movie Archive Newest scene should be shown) [1]. When sound film was introduced in the late 1920s, a constant speed was required for the sound head. 24 Celebrity Movie Archive Newest frames per second was chosen because it was the slowest Celebrity Movie Archive Newest (and thus cheapest) speed which allowed for sufficient sound quality. Improvements since the late 19th Movie Bella century include the mechanization of cameras � allowing them to record at a consistent speed, quiet camera design � allowing sound recorded on-set to be usable without requiring large "blimps" to encase the camera, the invention of more sophisticated filmstocks Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and lenses, allowing directors to film in increasingly dim conditions, and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the development of synchronized sound, allowing sound to be recorded at exactly the same speed as its corresponding action. The soundtrack can be recorded Celebrity Movie Archive Newest separately from shooting the film, but for live-action pictures many parts of the soundtrack are usually recorded Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Old Movie Trailers Tupac simultaneously.
As a medium, film is not limited Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to motion Celebrity Movie Archive Newest pictures, since the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest technology developed as the basis for photography. It can be used to present Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a progressive sequence of still images in the form Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of a slideshow. Film has also Celebrity Movie Archive Newest been incorporated into multimedia Celebrity Movie Archive Newest presentations, and often has importance as Celebrity Movie Archive Newest primary Celebrity Movie Archive Newest historical documentation. However, historic films have Celebrity Movie Archive Newest problems in terms Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of preservation and storage, and the motion picture industry is exploring many alternatives. Most movies on cellulose nitrate base have Celebrity Movie Archive Newest been copied onto modern safety films. Some studios save color films through Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the use of separation masters � three B&W negatives each exposed through red, green, or blue filters (essentially a reverse Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Technicolor process). Digital methods have also been used to restore films, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest although their continued obsolescence cycle makes them (as of 2006) a poor choice for long-term preservation. Film preservation of decaying film stock is a matter of concern to both film historians and archivists, and to companies interested in preserving their existing products in order to make them available to future generations (and thereby increase revenue). Preservation is generally a higher-concern for nitrate and single-strip color films, due to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest their high decay rates; black and white films on safety bases and color films preserved on Technicolor imbibition prints tend to keep up Celebrity Movie Archive Newest much better, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest assuming proper handling and storage.
Some films in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest recent decades have been recorded using analog video technology similar to that used in television production. Modern Celebrity Movie Archive Newest digital video cameras and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest digital projectors are gaining ground as well. These approaches are extremely beneficial to moviemakers, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest especially because footage can be evaluated and edited without waiting for the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film stock to be processed. Yet the migration is gradual, and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest as of 2005 most major motion pictures are still recorded on film.
Independent
Main article: Independent film
The Lumiere Brothers
Independent filmmaking often takes place outside of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent film (or indie film) is a film initially produced without financing or Celebrity Movie Archive Newest distribution from a major movie studio. Creative, business, and technological reasons have all contributed to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the growth of the indie film scene in the late 20th and early Celebrity Movie Archive Newest 21st century.
On the business side, the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest costs of big-budget studio films also leads to conservative choices in cast and crew. There is a trend Celebrity Movie Archive Newest in Hollywood towards co-financing (over two-thirds of the films put out by Warner Bros. in 2000 were joint ventures, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest up from 10% in 1987).[2] A hopeful director is almost never given the opportunity to get a job on Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a big-budget studio film unless he or she has significant industry experience in film or television. Also, the studios rarely produce Celebrity Movie Archive Newest films with unknown actors, particularly in lead roles.
Before the advent of digital alternatives, the cost of professional Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film equipment and stock was also a hurdle to being able to produce, direct, or star in a traditional studio film. The cost of 35 mm film is outpacing inflation: in 2002 alone, film negative costs were up 23%, according to Variety.[2].
But the advent of consumer camcorders in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest 1985, and more importantly, the arrival of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest high-resolution Celebrity Movie Archive Newest digital video in the early 1990s, have lowered the technology barrier to movie production significantly. Both Celebrity Movie Archive Newest production and post-production costs have been significantly lowered; today, the hardware and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest software for post-production Celebrity Movie Archive Newest can be installed in a commodity-based Celebrity Movie Archive Newest personal computer. Technologies such as DVDs, FireWire connections and non-linear editing system pro-level software like Adobe Premiere Pro, Sony Vegas and Apple's Final Cut Pro, and consumer level software such as Apple's Final Cut Express and iMovie make movie-making relatively inexpensive.
Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become Celebrity Movie Archive Newest more democratized. Filmmakers can Celebrity Movie Archive Newest conceivably shoot and edit a movie, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest means of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest production may be democratized, financing, distribution, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. Most independent filmmakers rely on Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution. The Celebrity Movie Archive Newest arrival of internet-based video outlets such as YouTube and Veoh has further changed the film making landscape Celebrity Movie Archive Newest in ways that are still Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to be determined.
Open content film
Main article: Open content film
An open content film is much like an independent film, but it is produced through open collaborations; Celebrity Movie Archive Newest its source material is available under a license which is permissive enough to allow other parties to create fan fiction or derivative Celebrity Movie Archive Newest works, than a traditional copyright. Like independent filmmaking, open source filmmaking takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems.
Fan film
Main article: Fan film
A fan film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest is Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a film or video inspired by a film, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest television Celebrity Movie Archive Newest program, comic book or a similar source, created by fans rather than by the source's copyright holders or creators. Fan filmmakers have traditionally been amateurs, but some of the more notable films have actually been produced by professional filmmakers as Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest school Celebrity Movie Archive Newest class projects or as demonstration Celebrity Movie Archive Newest reels. Fan films vary Celebrity Movie Archive Newest tremendously in length, from short faux-teaser trailers for non-existent motion pictures to rarer full-length Celebrity Movie Archive Newest motion pictures
Animation Celebrity Movie Archive Newest is Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the technique in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest which each frame of a film is produced individually, whether generated as a computer graphic, or Celebrity Movie Archive Newest by photographing a drawn image, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest or Celebrity Movie Archive Newest by repeatedly making small Celebrity Movie Archive Newest changes to a model Celebrity Movie Archive Newest unit (see claymation and stop motion), and then photographing the result with a special animation camera. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a Movie Facts speed of 16 Celebrity Movie Archive Newest or more frames per second, there is an illusion of continuous Celebrity Movie Archive Newest movement (due to the persistence of vision). Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, though the development of computer animation Celebrity Movie Archive Newest has greatly sped up Celebrity Movie Archive Newest the process.
File formats like GIF, QuickTime, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Shockwave and Flash allow animation to be viewed Celebrity Movie Archive Newest on a computer or over the Internet.
Because animation is very time-consuming and often very expensive to produce, the majority of animation for TV Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and movies comes from professional animation studios. However, the field of Cloverfield The Movie independent animation has Celebrity Movie Archive Newest existed at Celebrity Movie Archive Newest least since the 1950s, with Celebrity Movie Archive Newest animation being produced by independent studios (and sometimes by a single person). Several independent animation producers have gone on to enter the professional animation industry.
Limited animation is a way of increasing production and decreasing costs of animation by using "short cuts" in the Celebrity Movie Archive Newest animation Celebrity Movie Archive Newest process. This method was pioneered by UPA and popularized by Hanna-Barbera, and adapted by other studios as cartoons moved from movie theaters to television.[3]
Although most animation studios are now using digital technologies in their productions, there is a specific Celebrity Movie Archive Newest style Celebrity Movie Archive Newest of animation that depends on film. Cameraless animation, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest made Celebrity Movie Archive Newest famous by moviemakers like Norman McLaren, Len Lye and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Stan Brakhage, is painted and drawn directly onto pieces of film, and then run through a projector.
Venues
When Celebrity Movie Archive Newest it is initially produced, a feature film is often shown Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to audiences in a movie theater or cinema. The first theater designed exclusively for cinema opened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1905.[4] Thousands of such theaters were built or converted from existing facilities within a few years.[5] In the United States, these theaters came to Celebrity Movie Archive Newest be known as nickelodeons, because admission typically cost a nickel (five cents).
Typically, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest one Celebrity Movie Archive Newest film is the featured presentation (or Celebrity Movie Archive Newest feature film). Before the 1970s, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest there were "double features"; typically, a high quality "A picture" rented by an Celebrity Movie Archive Newest independent theater for a lump sum, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and a "B picture" of Celebrity Movie Archive Newest lower quality rented for a percentage of the gross receipts. Today, the bulk of the material shown before the feature film consists of previews for upcoming movies and paid advertisements (also known as trailers or "The Twenty").
Historically, all mass marketed feature films were made to be shown in Celebrity Movie Archive Newest movie theaters. Celebrity Movie Archive Newest The development of television has allowed films to be broadcast to larger audiences, usually after the film is no longer being shown in theaters. Recording technology has Celebrity Movie Archive Newest also enabled consumers to rent or buy copies of films on VHS or DVD (and the older formats of laserdisc, VCD and SelectaVision � see also videodisc), and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest Internet downloads Celebrity Movie Archive Newest may Celebrity Movie Archive Newest be Celebrity Movie Archive Newest available and have started to become revenue sources for the film companies. Some Celebrity Movie Archive Newest films are now made specifically for these other venues, Celebrity Movie Archive Newest being released as made-for-TV movies or direct-to-video movies. The production values on these films are often considered to be of inferior quality compared to theatrical releases in similar genres, and indeed, some films that are rejected by their own studios upon completion are distributed through these markets.
The movie theater pays an average of about 50-55% of its ticket sales to the movie studio, as film Celebrity Movie Archive Newest rental fees.[6] The actual percentage starts with Celebrity Movie Archive Newest a number higher than that, and decreases as the duration of a film's showing continues, as an incentive to theaters to keep movies in the theater longer. However, today's barrage of highly marketed movies ensures that Celebrity Movie Archive Newest most Celebrity Movie Archive Newest movies are shown in first-run theaters for less than 8 weeks. There Celebrity Movie Archive Newest are a few movies every year that defy this rule, often limited-release Celebrity Movie Archive Newest movies that start in only a few theaters and Celebrity Movie Archive Newest actually grow Celebrity Movie Archive Newest their theater count through good word-of-mouth and reviews. According Celebrity Movie Archive Newest to a 2000 study by ABN AMRO, about 26% of Hollywood movie studios' worldwide income came Celebrity Movie Archive Newest from box office ticket sales; 46% came from Celebrity Movie Archive Newest VHS Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and DVD sales to consumers; Celebrity Movie Archive Newest and 28% came Celebrity Movie Archive Newest from Celebrity Movie Archive Newest television (broadcast, cable, and pay-per-view).[6]
Future Celebrity Movie Archive Newest state
While motion Celebrity Movie Archive Newest picture films have been around for more than a century, film is |
