US8203007B2 - Bifunctional lactide monomer derivative and polymers and materials prepared using the same - Google Patents
Bifunctional lactide monomer derivative and polymers and materials prepared using the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8203007B2 US8203007B2 US12/479,981 US47998109A US8203007B2 US 8203007 B2 US8203007 B2 US 8203007B2 US 47998109 A US47998109 A US 47998109A US 8203007 B2 US8203007 B2 US 8203007B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- lactide
- dione
- spiro
- methyl
- ene
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- JJTUDXZGHPGLLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactide Chemical compound CC1OC(=O)C(C)OC1=O JJTUDXZGHPGLLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 54
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title description 26
- 125000003003 spiro group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical group CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OVUSZQAXRJJOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-6-methylidene-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione Chemical compound CC1OC(=O)C(=C)OC1=O OVUSZQAXRJJOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JJTUDXZGHPGLLC-IMJSIDKUSA-N 4511-42-6 Chemical compound C[C@@H]1OC(=O)[C@H](C)OC1=O JJTUDXZGHPGLLC-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 abstract description 44
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- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 125000003518 norbornenyl group Chemical group C12(C=CC(CC1)C2)* 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 39
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- -1 poly(DL-lactide) Polymers 0.000 description 27
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- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
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- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical group C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 14
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 13
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
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- FVKFHMNJTHKMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine Chemical compound C1CCN2CCCNC2=N1 FVKFHMNJTHKMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC=C FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- FCDPQMAOJARMTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzylidene-[1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene]-dichlororuthenium;tricyclohexylphosphanium Chemical compound C1CCCCC1[PH+](C1CCCCC1)C1CCCCC1.CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1N(CCN1C=2C(=CC(C)=CC=2C)C)C1=[Ru](Cl)(Cl)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 FCDPQMAOJARMTG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
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- HOKWFSQTDZTPKG-GHQDRPGLSA-N C=CCCC=CCCC=CC1CC(C=C)[C@@]2(C1)OC(=O)[C@H](C)OC2=O Chemical compound C=CCCC=CCCC=CC1CC(C=C)[C@@]2(C1)OC(=O)[C@H](C)OC2=O HOKWFSQTDZTPKG-GHQDRPGLSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HWYPGESIDMVEEF-HHISKICNSA-N CO[C@]1(C(=O)O[C@@H](C)C(C)=O)CC2C=CC1C2 Chemical compound CO[C@]1(C(=O)O[C@@H](C)C(C)=O)CC2C=CC1C2 HWYPGESIDMVEEF-HHISKICNSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical class [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004912 1,5-cyclooctadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D319/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D319/10—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes
- C07D319/14—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D319/16—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
- C07D319/20—1,4-Dioxanes; Hydrogenated 1,4-dioxanes condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring with substituents attached to the hetero ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
- C08G61/04—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms
- C08G61/06—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms prepared by ring-opening of carbocyclic compounds
- C08G61/08—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms prepared by ring-opening of carbocyclic compounds of carbocyclic compounds containing one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in the ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/02—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/06—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids or from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids
- C08G63/08—Lactones or lactides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/78—Preparation processes
- C08G63/82—Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used
- C08G63/823—Preparation processes characterised by the catalyst used for the preparation of polylactones or polylactides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
- C08G2261/14—Side-groups
- C08G2261/142—Side-chains containing oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/30—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/33—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating non-aromatic structural elements in the main chain
- C08G2261/332—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating non-aromatic structural elements in the main chain containing only carbon atoms
- C08G2261/3324—Monomer units or repeat units incorporating structural elements in the main chain incorporating non-aromatic structural elements in the main chain containing only carbon atoms derived from norbornene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/40—Polymerisation processes
- C08G2261/41—Organometallic coupling reactions
- C08G2261/418—Ring opening metathesis polymerisation [ROMP]
Definitions
- Polylactic acid or polylactide is a biorenewable, biocompatible and biodegradable thermoplastic polyester derived from the cyclic ester lactide.
- Polylactide is well-known to be useful in a variety of applications in a wide variety of fields and technologies.
- Examples of useful poly-D-lactide (PDLA) and poly-L-lactide (PLLA) products include, but are not limited to, upholstery, microwavable trays, clothing materials and fabrics, engineering plastics, medical devices (e.g., sutures, stents) and drug delivery formulations.
- PDLA poly-D-lactide
- PLLA poly-L-lactide
- Polylactide biodegradability properties make it useful for disposable packaging materials and disposable items, such as garments and feminine hygiene products.
- Polylactide can be derived from renewable resources, such as corn starch or sugarcane. Typically, bacterial fermentation can be used to produce lactic acid from corn starch or cane sugar. Because of the difficulties associated with achieving high molecular weight, the direct polymerization of lactic acid is not ideal for producing useful products. Lactic acid is, therefore, used to prepare oligomers which are then dimerized using a catalyst to prepare a cyclic lactide monomer. Ring-opening of lactide leads to higher molecular weight polylactide using stannous octoate catalyst or tin (II) chloride, for example.
- stannous octoate catalyst or tin (II) chloride for example.
- polylactide-containing materials continue to be of significant interest in the field of consumer materials such as containers and packaging, due to their biorenewability, biocompatibility and biodegradability properties. Difficulty has been encountered, however, in balancing the biodegradability of materials with durability and toughness.
- Poly-L-lactide can have a glass transition temperature (T g ) from about 50° C. to about 70° C. and a melting temperature between about 173° C. and about 178° C.
- T g glass transition temperature
- One disadvantage with existing polylactide derivatives is that the resultant polylactide exhibits relatively low glass transition temperatures and is, therefore, not suitable as a containment or packaging material that experience elevated temperature environmental conditions and/or contents.
- Another disadvantage associated with polylactide-based materials is their long-term durability, brittleness, and cracking over time.
- the invention provides a novel lactide monomer derivative and process for preparing the lactide monomer derivative. It has been discovered that a unique monomer could be developed which is bifunctional in nature, and which in turn can be employed a variety of efficient synthesis processes to prepare various polymers. Furthermore, various polymers that can be prepared using the lactide monomer derivative as part of the process exhibit enhanced and improved properties and chemical behaviors as compared to conventionally used monomers and known polymers in similar and different applications. The invention and its various aspects of usage can be used in a wide variety of industrial contexts, including thermoformed medical plastic products and consumer packaging.
- the monomer, polymers and polymeric composites prepared therewith are lactide-based, the products are associated with biodegradability, biorenewability and biocompatibility attributes.
- the invention can be associated with environmentally-friendly manufacturing processes and products, while at the same time can exhibit durability and toughness properties desirable for consumer and containment materials.
- the bifunctional monomer derivative can be used to prepare various intermediate-stage compounds and polymers, which in turn can be used to synthesize other compounds, polymers, copolymers and composites.
- the invention provides a lactide monomer derivative having a bifunctional norbornene spiro lactide structure, spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene], and as follows:
- lactide monomer derivative is bifunctional in that either 1) the norbornene ring, 2) lactide ring, or 3) both, can be opened and used in polymer synthesis for the backbone or the reactive branch for other polymeric syntheses.
- the invention also provides a process for preparing spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] (Formula (I)) comprising: a) reacting L-lactide with N-bromosuccimide to prepare a brominated intermediate compound 3-bromo-3,6-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione; b) reacting 3-bromo-3,6-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione with a tertiary amine, preferably triethylamine, to prepare 3-methyl-6-methylene-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione; and c) reacting 3-methyl-6-methylene-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione with cyclopentadiene, to prepare spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5
- the invention also provides a lactide ring-opened homopolymer composed of repeating units of norbornene ring-substituted polylactide and having the following structural formula:
- n is an integer, prepared from a ring opening polymerization (ROP) process using the lactide monomer derivative of structural formula (I).
- ROP ring opening polymerization
- the invention further provides a process for preparing the lactide-opened homopolymer comprising: reacting spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] with a catalyst and initiator using ring-opening polymerization (ROP).
- the catalyst can comprise a strong base such as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene
- the initiator can comprise a primary alcohol such as benzyl alcohol.
- the invention also provides a norbornene ring-opened homopolymer composed of repeating units of lactide-substituted polynorbornene and having the following structural formula:
- n is an integer.
- the invention provides a process for preparing norbornene ring-opened homopolymer composed of repeating units of lactide-substituted polynorbornene comprising: reacting spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] with a third generation Grubbs' catalyst via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
- the invention provides a lactide-functionalized polycycloolefin/polynorbornene-backboned copolymer prepared using the spiro lactide monomer derivative of the invention.
- the invention provides a lactide ring functionalized polycycloocctadiene/polynorbornene-backboned copolymer poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl) having the following chemical structure:
- m, n and p are each integers, prepared from the reaction using lactide monomer derivative of formula (I) with cyclooctadiene.
- the prepared lactide ring functionalized polycyclooctadiene itself can be useful as an intermediate for the preparation of other materials by utilizing the lactide ring groups on the polymer for subsequent grafting and/or cross-linking reactions, for example.
- the invention also provides a process for preparing lactide-branched polycycloolefin or polycycloalkene copolymers using the monomer derivative of the invention.
- a polycyclooctadiene-co-polynorbornene with lactide ring groups copolymer (poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)) comprising reacting cyclooctadiene and spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] in the presence of a second generation Grubbs' catalyst and chain transfer agent.
- the invention further provides a polymeric composite material prepared from reacting the lactide branched polyolefin e.g., polycyclooctadiene-backboned copolymer poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)) with free DL-lactide and having the following chemical structure:
- the lactide branched polyolefin e.g., polycyclooctadiene-backboned copolymer poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)
- free DL-lactide having the following chemical structure:
- the composite above exhibits enhanced toughness and possibly better water transport properties as compared to conventional polylactide materials.
- One advantage associated with the invention is that relatively minor amounts of the lactide branched polycyclooctadiene polymers prepared using the lactide monomer derivative and process of the invention are needed to have substantial effect on the desired properties of the resulting composite. In one embodiment, only about 20% of the lactide branched polycyclooctadiene polymers can be present in the composite with about 80% poly(DL-lactide) to prepare a composite exhibiting enhanced toughness. Aside form its mechanical properties, the polymer composite material can still maintain partial biodegradability and afford cost-effective manufacturing.
- the invention also provides a process for preparing a lactide branched polycyclooctadiene by reacting a lactide ring-functionalized polycyclooctadiene with free DL-lactide using a ring opening polymerization process in the presence of a catalyst and initiator.
- the catalyst can be a strong base such as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene and the initiator can be a primary alcohol such as benzyl alcohol.
- Lactide branched polymers with lactide ring either intact or opened can in turn be used to prepare various other polymers, e.g., by crosslinking, and the like. Additionally, variations on the processes using the spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative of the invention are possible as well.
- FIG. 1 is a chemical reaction diagram showing the preparation of the lactide monomer derivative spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] using the bromination-elimination technique, according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 2 is a chemical reaction diagram showing two possible ring-opening polymerization pathways using the same spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative, according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a multistep chemical reaction diagram showing 1) copolymerization of a cycloalkene with the spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative of the invention using a second generation Grubbs' catalyst with a chain transfer agent, and 2) reaction of the copolymer with DL-lactide to prepare a polylactide-based composite, according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 4 is NMR spectra graphs of spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a NMR spectra graph of a lactide ring-opened homopolymer prepared from spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] (poly(oxy-1-oxoethylene-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene)).
- FIG. 6 is a NMR spectra graph of a norbornene ring-opened homopolymer prepared from spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] (poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)).
- FIG. 7 is a pair of SEM images (A being secondary electron image and B being backscattered electron image) of the composite material poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)-branch-poly(DL-lactide)-blend-poly(DL-lactide) according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 8 is a pair of SEM images (A being secondary electron image and B being backscattered electron image) of the binary blends of polycyclooctadiene and poly(DL-lactide) according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 is a TEM image of a thin section of composite material poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)-branch-poly(DL-lactide)-blend-poly(DL-lactide) according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 10 is the comparative tensile strength data for the composite material poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)-branch-poly(DL-lactide)-blend-poly(DL-lactide) (“C”) and binary blends of polycyclooctadiene and poly(DL-lactide) (“B”).
- the term “comprising” means the elements recited, or their equivalent in structure or function, plus any other element(s) which are not recited.
- the terms “having” and “including” are also to be construed as open ended unless the context suggests otherwise. Terms such as “about”, “generally”, “substantially” and the like are to be construed as modifying a term or value such that it is not an absolute, but does not read on the prior art. Such terms will be defined by the circumstances and the terms that they modify are understood by those of skill in the art. This includes at the very least the degree of expected experimental error, technique error, and instrument error for a given technique used to measure a value.
- high glass transition temperature as used in the context of describing properties of polymers prepared in accordance with the invention is meant as a relative term in comparison to lower glass transition temperature polylactides and lactide-based compounds which are known in the art.
- lactide monomer derivative of the invention when used to describe the lactide monomer derivative of the invention is meant to refer to the dual nature of the cleavable ring opening possibilities, i.e., the norbornene ring and lactide ring, associated with the structural formula.
- polylactide-based as used herein is meant to refer to the significant presence of polymers prepared and/or derived from the lactide ring structure.
- the invention includes a bifunctional monomer derivative having a norbornene spiro lactide structure.
- the monomeric compound is spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene], and has a structural formula as follows:
- the spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative of the invention can be prepared using the lactide compound (e.g., S,S-lactide (L-lactide), D-lactide or DL-lactide) as the starting material to prepare the intermediate compound 3-methyl-6-methylene-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione.
- a bromine addition and elimination reaction on the lactide compound can be employed as illustrated in FIG. 1 .
- 3-Bromo-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione was prepared by adding L-lactide (200.0 g, 1.388 mol), benzene (1 L) and N-bromosuccimide (272.0 g, 1.528 mol) to a 2 L three-neck flask. The mixture was brought to a reflux under mechanical stirring. Benzoyl peroxide (6.72 g, 27.7 mmol) in benzene (100 mL) was then added dropwise through a dropping funnel over 20 minutes. After the monomer was consumed, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solid filtered off. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness forming a pale yellow solid.
- the solid was dissolved in dichloromethane (1.5 L) and the solution was washed with saturated sodium bisulfite solution three times and saturated NaCl once. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 , and the solution was evaporated to dryness. The orange solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes to give 137.9 g of white crystal. The mother liquor from the filtration was evaporated to dryness, and the solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate and hexanes to give 54.3 g white crystal. In total, the yield was 192.2 g (62%).
- the brominated intermediate (31.2 g, 0.140 mol) was added into a 500 mL three-neck flask along with 200 mL dichloromethane. The flask was protected under nitrogen and cooled in an ice bath. Triethylamine (21.5 mL, 0.154 mol) was added dropwise.
- Tertiary amines having substantially similar basicities to triethylamine can be used in this process step.
- Preferred for use in this process step is triethylamine (shown in the figures as Et 3 N).
- 3-methyl-6-methylene-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione can be used as a dioenophile (as a captodative alkene, i.e., an alkene substituted with both electron withdrawing and electron donating groups) by Diels-Alder reaction to prepare spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene].
- spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene In this stage and as depicted in FIG. 2 , using the 3-methyl-6-methylene-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione as the dieneophile and reacting with cyclopentadiene.
- the bifunctionality of the monomer unit of the invention can be selectively reacted in its structural portions.
- either the norbornene ring portion, lactide ring portion, or both, can be utilized in compound and polymer synthesis.
- the norbornene ring can be selectively cleaved without opening the lactide ring structure.
- the lactide ring structure can be cleaved without opening the norbornene ring portion.
- the monomer derivative of the invention permits two synthesis pathways as illustrated in the second reaction shown in FIG. 2 —each of which can produce chemically distinct entities associated with various chemical properties.
- the spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative can be used to synthesize a lactide ring-opened homopolymer, which itself can be used to further synthesize other polymers.
- a lactide-opened homopolymer poly(oxy-1-oxoethylene-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene) can be prepared by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of the highly sterically hindered spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene].
- ROP ring opening polymerization
- a catalyst/initiator solution was prepared by adding 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) (6.7 mg, 48 ⁇ mol), benzyl alcohol (10.0 ⁇ L, 96 ⁇ mol) and anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (9.6 mL) to a 20 mL vial.
- TBD 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene
- benzyl alcohol (10.0 ⁇ L, 96 ⁇ mol
- anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (9.6 mL)
- To a 20 mL pressure vessel was added spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] (0.20 g, 0.96 mmol) and the catalyst/initiator solution (0.96 mL).
- catalyst and initiator combinations are possible for this reaction step.
- other strong bases that could possibly be used as the catalyst in place of TBD include 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene (a.k.a. DBU) and N-methyl TBD.
- Primary alcohols can be used as the initiator in this process step as well, in place of or in addition to, benzyl alcohol. Primary alcohols are preferred in light of the spiro monomer structure.
- reaction was quenched by addition of excess (>10 equivalents) of benzoic acid, and the solution evacuated to dryness and analyzed by H NMR and GPC. The remaining polymer solution was precipitated into methanol three times. The formed solid polymer sample was vacuum dried overnight and analyzed by NMR, GPC and DSC.
- the resulting lactide-opened homopolymer (poly(oxy-1-oxoethylene-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene) has the following structural formula:
- n is an integer.
- 1 H NMR spectra data for the prepared homopolymer can be seen in FIG. 5 . This phenomenon is consistent with the bulky nature of the norbornene side group limiting the exothermicity of the polymerization reaction.
- molecular weights of the resultant polymer could be controlled by increasing amount of the norbornene spiro lactide monomer relative to the catalyst and initiator amounts.
- the resulting homopolymer had a high molecular weight homopolymer (M n of 33.6 kg mol ⁇ 1 as compared to 12.2. kg mol ⁇ 1 ) and exhibited a glass transition temp (T g ) 113° C. as measure by DSC.
- T g glass transition temp
- this homopolymer can have applications in areas such as packaging materials, engineering plastics, materials for tissue engineering, and the like. Furthermore, this monomer can be used in copolymerizations with other cyclic esters such as lactide, glycolide, caprolactone, and the like, to prepare new materials with increased glass transition temperatures.
- spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative can be used to synthesize a norbornene ring-opened homopolymer (also shown in FIG. 2 ).
- Norbornene ring-opened homopolymers can be used to further synthesize other polymers.
- spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene]monomer derivative can be subjected to ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP).
- lactide ring side groups poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)
- lactide ring side groups poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)
- These homopolymers might be useful as engineering materials, for example, wherein grafted lactide rings could be used as crosslinkers to enhance polynorbornene's thermomechanical properties in conditions wherein crosslinking via double bonds would be either not viable or detrimental to material properties.
- the resulting norbornene-opened homopolymer (poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)) has the following structural formula:
- n is an integer.
- the molecular weight of poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene) can be controlled by adjusting the ratio between the spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer and the Grubbs' catalyst ([Ru]).
- ROMP Using polymerization conditions of 0.2 M of the monomer in CH 2 Cl 2 for a reaction time of about 0.5-1 hour at ambient temperature and the reactions quenched with ethyl vinyl ether, ROMP prepares poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene).
- the bifunctional (dual) polymerization attributes associated with the monomer derivative of the invention can be utilized to further prepare various copolymers and composites.
- the norbornene ring can be opened and copolymerized with cyclooctadiene, and the resulting polymer with lactide ring side groups can in turn have the lactide rings opened to prepare additional composites.
- Lactide-branched copolymers prepared from the monomer derivative of the invention can be synthesized by reacting the monomer with different alkenes. It may be possible to create copolymers using various cyclic olefins, e.g., cycloalkenes, aside from cyclooctadiene. In addition, varying lengths of backbone chain and structure can also be achieved by controlling the loading ratio of monomer to chain transfer agent, in addition to using different olefins.
- Lactide-Ring Functionalized polycyclooctadiene-co-polynorbornene copolymer poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)
- the spiro[6-methyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione-3,2′-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept[5]ene] monomer derivative monomer of the invention can also be used to prepare copolymers poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl) having lactide ring side groups. This is illustrated as the first chemical reaction shown in FIG. 3 and can be performed using a modified ROMP procedure.
- the resulting polymer itself can further be used as a reactive polymer to synthesize other polymers such as shown as the second reaction in FIG. 3 .
- Composite materials prepared using this and related polymers could be useful for the preparation of tough polylactide composities, high glass transition materials, or materials with improved water barrier properties.
- Poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl) having lactide ring side groups can be prepared as illustrated in the first reaction shown in FIG. 3 using a second Generation Grubbs' catalyst in combination with a chain transfer agent.
- a catalyst/chain transfer agent solution was initially prepared by adding cis-2-butene-1,4-diol diacetate (301 ⁇ L, 1.91 mmol), second generation Grubbs' catalyst (32.4 mg, 38.2 ⁇ mol) and dichloromethane (40 mL) to a vial.
- the resultant lactide ring functionalized copolymer had the following structural formula:
- n and p are each integers.
- This copolymer is per se useful as reactive intermediate polymers for synthesis of other polymers wherein the lactide ring groups on the backbone can be used, e.g., cross-linking.
- Composite materials prepared using this and related polymers could be useful for the preparation of tough polylactide composites, high glass transition materials, or materials with improved water barrier properties.
- Poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl) of Example 4 can then itself be further used to prepare a composite material composed of poly-DL-lactide and polycyclooctadiene-co-polynorbornene-branch-polylactide (see FIG. 3 ).
- the poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl) of Example 4 (about 20 wt %) can be reacted with DL-lactide (about 80 wt %) via ROP using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as the catalyst and benzyl alcohol as the initiator.
- TBD 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene
- a comparative binary blend composite was prepared containing the combination of polylactide with a polycyclooctadiene.
- the mechanical properties of the binary blend were then compared to a composite prepared according to the invention containing poly(8-methyl-6,9-dioxa-spiro[4.5]decane-7,10-dione-1,3-diylvinylene)-co-poly(but-1-ene-1,4-diyl)-branch-poly(DL-lactide)-blend-poly(DL-lactide) as shown in FIG. 3 .
- This binary blend composite can be compression-molded at 120° C. into opaque films.
- Example 6 composite exhibited macrophase separated domains of PLA and polycyclootadiene
- the composite of Example 5 (see images A and B in FIG. 7 ) exhibited nanoscale domains of polycyclooctadiene domains. Nanophase separation was confirmed using TEM and as shown in FIG. 9 . Small-angle x-ray analysis of the Example 5 composite showed principal reflection with a domain spacing of about 45 nm, which was consistent with polycyclooctadiene/PLA chains intimately mingled with PLA homopolymer.
- thermoformable, partially biodegradable polylactide-based composite material prepared according to the invention can have a wide variety of applications.
- Products and packaging that the invention can be used with include those which are both unlikely and likely to experience elevated temperature conditions—either environmentally or content-wise.
- the invention is particularly useful for use in products and packaging wherein the chemical and physical attributes associated with polylactides are desired, such as renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and thermoformability, and wherein the product or packaging would likely experience high temperature conditions or contents without significant adverse effects to the structural integrity of the product or package.
- the invention can be used to prepare such polylactide-containing or polylactide-derived materials which also exhibit enhanced durability and toughness, e.g., resistance to cracking, as well as controlling liquid barrier (e.g., water transport) properties. All of these characteristics are significant in consumer product and packaging applications.
- Product and packaging products can be prepared using a wide variety of conventional thermoforming techniques and equipment readily available to those skilled in the plastics manufacturing field. For example, injection molding and blow molding techniques can be used, as well as thermoforming processes and equipment to prepare laminated and monolayer films.
- the invention can be used in a variety of ways within polymer synthesis processes and as part of the preparation of thermoformable polymers which in turn can be used in a wide variety of industrial applications.
- the polymers prepared according to the invention can be used in medical products and packaging.
- the invention can be used to produce a wide variety of thermoformable products and packaging wherein durability and toughness are also desired.
Abstract
Description
and stereoisomers thereof. The lactide monomer derivative is bifunctional in that either 1) the norbornene ring, 2) lactide ring, or 3) both, can be opened and used in polymer synthesis for the backbone or the reactive branch for other polymeric syntheses.
wherein n is an integer, prepared from a ring opening polymerization (ROP) process using the lactide monomer derivative of structural formula (I).
wherein m, n and p are each integers,
prepared from the reaction using lactide monomer derivative of formula (I) with cyclooctadiene. The prepared lactide ring functionalized polycyclooctadiene itself can be useful as an intermediate for the preparation of other materials by utilizing the lactide ring groups on the polymer for subsequent grafting and/or cross-linking reactions, for example.
wherein m, n, p, x and y are each integers.
The composite above exhibits enhanced toughness and possibly better water transport properties as compared to conventional polylactide materials. One advantage associated with the invention is that relatively minor amounts of the lactide branched polycyclooctadiene polymers prepared using the lactide monomer derivative and process of the invention are needed to have substantial effect on the desired properties of the resulting composite. In one embodiment, only about 20% of the lactide branched polycyclooctadiene polymers can be present in the composite with about 80% poly(DL-lactide) to prepare a composite exhibiting enhanced toughness. Aside form its mechanical properties, the polymer composite material can still maintain partial biodegradability and afford cost-effective manufacturing.
TABLE 1 |
Comparative Reaction Data using Varying Monomer to Catalyst Ratios |
Monomer (Formula (I)) to | |||
Grubbs' Catalyst [Ru] | Mn (kg mol−1) | Mw/Mn | Tg (° C.) |
50 | 14.0 | 1.04 | 168 |
100 | 27.2 | 1.09 | 191 |
200 | 48.5 | 1.10 | 191 |
300 | 62.8 | 1.16 | 191 |
500 | 91.6 | 1.12 | 189 |
1000 | 153.7 | 1.22 | 192 |
[Ru] = Grubbs' catalyst. |
TABLE 2 |
Comparative Mechanical Strength Data of Example 5 Composite |
and Example 6 Composite |
Composite | Composite | |||
Property | Example 5 | Example 6 | ||
Elongation at break (%) | 65 | 4 | ||
Tensile strength at break (MPa) | 24 | 9 | ||
Young's Modulus (MPa) | 528 | 418 | ||
Tensile toughness (MJ m−3) | 16 | 0.2 | ||
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