WO2006045043A1 - Dual light emitting and electrochromic device - Google Patents
Dual light emitting and electrochromic device Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006045043A1 WO2006045043A1 PCT/US2005/037893 US2005037893W WO2006045043A1 WO 2006045043 A1 WO2006045043 A1 WO 2006045043A1 US 2005037893 W US2005037893 W US 2005037893W WO 2006045043 A1 WO2006045043 A1 WO 2006045043A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/50—OLEDs integrated with light modulating elements, e.g. with electrochromic elements, photochromic elements or liquid crystal elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/153—Constructional details
- G02F1/155—Electrodes
Definitions
- the invention relates to display devices, more specifically to devices including display devices which provide light emission for low light environments and can change their color when sufficient light is available.
- Reflective active matrix displays are well known and different types of reflective display are known. Reflective displays have a significant advantage of low power consumption, but they can generally only be viewed when there is sufficient ambient light.
- One solution to this problem is to provide a front or back light for operation in dark conditions. This form of lighting gives rise to deteriorated image quality and increased power consumption.
- front lighting can affect the brightness and contrast of the displayed image, especially when the display is being used in its reflective mode.
- Matrix display devices employing electroluminescent, light-emitting, display elements are also well known.
- the display elements may comprise organic thin film electroluminescent elements, for example using organic polymers and molecules, or else light emitting diodes (LEDs) using traditional III- V semiconductor compounds.
- organic electroluminescent materials particularly polymer materials, have demonstrated their ability to be used practically for video display devices. These materials typically comprise one or more layers of a semiconducting conjugated polymer sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, one of which is transparent and the other of which is of a material suitable for injecting holes or electrons into the polymer layer.
- Visual displays generally operate as either emitting displays (e.g. TV screens/computer CRTs) which operate well in low ambient light environments, or absorption/reflection displays (electrochromic) for applications when ambient light is required to view.
- Ambient light levels can vary significantly, such as in an environments which pass between dark and light states.
- conventional emitting displays consume significant energy for operation during intervals when the ambient light is sufficient for lower energy consumption allowing absorptive/reflective displays to be used.
- a combined electrochromic/electroluminescent device comprises at least one pixel, such as a pixel array.
- Each pixel comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface, an electrochemically active counter electrode layer disposed on the electrically conductive surface, an electrolyte layer providing electrolytes disposed on said counter electrode, an electrically conductive layer disposed on the electrolyte.
- An electroactive layer is disposed on the electrically conductive layer.
- the electroactive layer provides both electroluminescence and an electrochromically active working electrode, wherein the electrically conductive layer provides transport of the electrolytes therethrough.
- An optically transparent electrode layer is disposed on said active layer.
- the electrically conductive layer can comprise a porous membrane, where the electrically conductive material is disposed on a top-side of the membrane, wherein a portion of said electrically conductive material penetrates into the . membrane.
- At least one back-side contact trace is disposed on a back-side of said membrane, wherein said electrically conductive material disposed on a top-side of said membrane is coupled by a conducting channel including the electrically conductive material through the membrane to the back-side contact trace.
- the electrically conductive layer can be a porous electrode.
- the electroactive layer comprises a first material which provides electroluminescence and a second material which provides electrochromism.
- the electroactive layer comprises a single material which provides both electroluminescence and electrochromism, such as a metal complex or an electroluminescent/electrochromic polymer.
- the metal complex is preferably blended in a polymer matrix.
- the electroactive layer can comprise new materials which provide electroluminescence/electrochromism including poly(bis-OR8-phenylene-N-OR7- carbazole) or poly(OR-thiophene-N-OR7-carbazole).
- the working electrode can comprise a cathodically coloring polymer or an anodically coloring polymer.
- the electrolyte layer can comprise a gel electrolyte or a solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte can comprise an ionically conducting polymer comprising complex, the complex including at least one polymer having at least one dissolved metal salt therein.
- Such polymers can include poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), methoxyethoxyethoxy substituted polyphosphazene, and polyether based polyurethane.
- a power supply is preferably connected between the electrically conductive surface and the electrically conductive layer, and between the electrically conductive layer and the optically transparent electrode layer.
- the power supply can be a switched power supply comprising at least one switch, further comprising a light sensor for sensing a level of ambient light, and a structure for closing said switch to provide electroluminescence when said ambient light is below a predetermined threshold level, and provide electrochromism when said ambient light is above said predetermined threshold level.
- Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a dual light emitting/electrochromic display device having a plurality of pixels, according to an embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 2(a) shows some exemplary conjugated polymers by their electro-optical properties.
- Fig. 2(b) shows some classes of materials which provide both electroluminescence and electrochromism.
- FIG. 3 shows exemplary layers comprising a dual EL/EC device according to the invention shown partially separated to facilitate description of fabrication steps to form the dual EL/EC.
- FIGs. 4(a) and (b) show electrochemical switching and reflectance spectra of an exemplary EL/EC device according to the invention at two extreme states ( ⁇ 1 V), respectively.
- a combined electrochromic/electroluminescent display device 100 comprising an array of display pixels 101 - 104 is shown in Fig. 1. Four pixels are shown only for simplicity. In most practical applications, the number of pixels provided by display device 100 will number in the hundreds, thousands, or more.
- the display device 100 is arranged to emit or reflect light upwardly, as represented by arrow 170.
- Each pixel 101-104 includes a substrate/support 107 having an electrically conductive surface 105, an electrochemically active counter electrode layer 110 disposed on the electrically conductive surface 105, and an electrolyte layer 115 providing electrolytes disposed on the counter electrode layer 110.
- An electrically conductive layer 125 is disposed on the electrolyte layer 115.
- An electroactive layer 130 is disposed on the electrically conductive layer 125.
- the elecrroactive layer 130 provides both electroluminescence and electrochromism (the "working electrode”).
- the electrically conductive layer 125 provides ionic transport of the electrolytes provided by electrolyte layer 115 therethrough and electrical contact to the electroactive layer 130.
- Electrically conductive layer 125 is generally, but not necessarily, a porous electrically conductive material.
- An optically transparent electrode layer 140 is disposed on the electroactive layer 130.
- An optional optically transparent cover layer (not shown) can be disposed on the transparent electrode layer 140.
- a first power supply 155 is shown connected between electrically conductive surface 105 and electrically conductive layer 125.
- a second power supply 160 is connected between electrically conductive layer 125 and optically transparent electrode layer 140.
- switched power supply (not shown) can replace first power supply 155 and second power supply 160.
- the optical transparency is generally required in the visible range.
- Display device 100 can operate in either electroluminescent (EL) or electrochromic (EC) modes, depending on the bias applied.
- the pixels 101-104 of device 100 can either give off light (light emission) or change in color (electrochromism) based on the manner in which voltage is applied by power supplies 155 and 160.
- the voltage applied by power supply 160 across layer 125 and 140 should be sufficient to generate at least a critical electrical field for the particular electroluminescent material comprising electroactive layer 130 to permit electroluminescence
- the voltage applied by power supply 155 to counter electrode 110 and working electrode 130 is such that the redox state of the electrochromically active working electrode material is changed electrochemically relative to counter electrode 110.
- electrically conductive surface 105 comprises a metallic layer, such as a Au layer which coats substrate/support layer 107. Electrically conductive surface 105 disposed on substrate/support layer 107 can be optically opaque, to provide a reflecting surface.
- Counter electrode 110 can be selected from a wide range of electrochemically active materials. In a preferred embodiment, counter electrode 110 comprises an electrochemically active polymeric material.
- electrolyte layer 115 is a gel electrolyte, such as an acetonitrile (ACN) solution containing ⁇ oly(methyl methacrylate) and the salt LiClO 4 .
- ACN acetonitrile
- the incorporation of the high viscosity gel electrolyte into devices according to the invention has been found to lead to very effective electrochromism, while yielding only limited light emission. It is believed that certain gels may quench the light emission in the EL mode. This is evidenced when the electrolyte is removed, strong light emission is observed, but electrochromism is not observed as described in the Examples.
- electrolyte layer 115 can be a solid state electrolyte. It is expected that by using solid state electrolytes and thus converting to an all solid state cell the EL quenching sometimes experienced with certain gel electrolytes can be overcome.
- solid electrolytes There are a variety of solid electrolytes that can be used with the invention.
- Polar polymer hosts include poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), methoxyethoxyethoxy substituted polyphosphazene, polyether based polyurethanes, and other similar polymers which are able to dissolve metal salts and give ionically conducting complexes.
- Typical metal salts include the alkali and alkaline salts (Li + , Na + , Cs etc.) along with non-nucleophilic anions (tetrafluoroborate, perchlorate, triflate, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, etc).
- Room temperatures conductivities of 10 '5 to 10 "4 S/cm are typically attained and are adequate for most applications of the invention.
- Enhanced electrochromic switching speeds can be attained with higher ionic conductivities which can be reached with these polymers at elevated temperature.
- Electrically conductive layer 125 provides ionic transport of the electrolytes provided by electrolyte layer 115. Ih a preferred embodiment, conductive layer 125 is a porous conductive layer.
- the phrases "porous substrate” or "porous electrode” refers to a material whose surface allows penetration by a liquid.
- porous electrically conductive layer can also be formed from generally non-porous materials using processes well known in the field of batteries where porous electrodes are required. For example, one method of producing porous electrodes is to plate a metal (e.g. nickel) onto a porous substrate (foam or woven fibers) and then burn off the substrate to leave a fine porous metal structure. The production process is a plating process so has the same features as other plating processes. As a further alternative, a generally non-porous material can be formed or patterned to have a plurality of openings.
- electrically conductive layer 125 is disposed on a porous substrate (not shown), such as by depositing the electrically conductive material on a front-side of the porous substrate.
- Conductive traces to contact pads contacting the pixels comprising conductive layer 125 can be conventionally disposed on the front of the porous substrate.
- conductive traces to contact pads can be disposed on the backside of the porous substrate.
- a conducting channel including the electrically conductive material disposed on the top of the porous substrate can connect through the porous substrate to the electrically conductive traces on the back-side of the substrate.
- porous substrate can comprise, for example, a polycarbonate membrane having a 10 ⁇ m average pore size, such as provided by Osmonics, Lie. or filter paper.
- a typical thickness fof electroactive layer 130 is 50 to 500 nm.
- electroactive layer 130 provides both electroluminescence and electrochromism.
- electroactive layer 130 includes a first material which provides electroluminescence and a second material which provides electrochromism. The first and second materials can be intermixed (blended), stacked on one another, or patterned (e.g. as stripes or pixels) on a surface.
- Figure 2(a) shows the structure of exemplary electroluminescent polymers comprising MEH-PPV, PPP and PFO as well as exemplary electrochromic polymers comprising
- One or more electroluminescent polymers can be used together with one or more electiOchromic polymers to provide the desired electrochromic and electroluminescence required for electroactive layer 130, with the respective representative polymer structures performing the noted function well.
- electroactive layer 130 consists of a single material which provides both electroluminescence and an electrochromically active working electrode material.
- Fig. 2(a) include P3OT and poly(bis-EDOT-Et-Cz).
- Figure 2(b) shows some additional exemplary compositions of materials which provide both electroluminescence and electrochromism for electrochromic/electroluminescent devices according to the invention.
- a first class of materials comprise metal complexes.
- Ru(bpy) 3 (PF 6 ) 2 tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium[II] hexafluorophosphate and Ru(bec-bpy) 3 (Pp 6 ) 2 fris[bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine] ruthenium[II] hexafluorophosphate are examples of this metal complex class shown in Fig. 2(b) which can be used alone or blended into an inert polymer matrix.
- FIG. 1(b) shows structures for poly(bis-OR8-phenylene-N-OR7-carbazole) and poly(OR9-thiphene-N-
- a third class of materials comprise electroluminescent/electrochromic materials blended in a polymer matrix.
- Figure 2(b) shows Poly( ⁇ //-9-dihexyl-fiuorene-N-ethyl-carbazole) which is blended in PMMA as well as MEH-PPV blended in PEO.
- Optically transparent electrode layer 140 can comprise materials including indium tin oxide (ITO), or fluorine doped tin oxide.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- fluorine doped tin oxide Alternatively, optically transparent electrically conducting polymers can be used, such as PEDOT/PSS.
- display device can include a pixel drive circuit as known in the art, such as disclosed in published U.S. Pat. Application No. 20030103021 to Young et al.
- the pixel drive circuit selects which pixels are hi the on or off (EL mode), and winch pixels are in a specific color state, including intermediate color states (EC mode).
- EL mode on or off
- EC mode intermediate color states
- a color state is used when the EL is off, and the EC polymer is initially neutral when the EL is turned on.
- the EC polymer can be colored or transmissive in EL mode. Since the EC state does not require a bias to retain its color, the EC state is an energy saving mode and is said to have "memory".
- counterelectrode layer 110 and electroactive layer 130 both include electrochemically active polymeric materials.
- Electroactive layer 130 can be a cathodically coloring or anodically coloring polymer.
- electroactive layer 130 is a cathodically coloring polymer a negative bias is applied to layer 130 with respect to counter electrode 110 produces a colored state.
- the electroactive layer includes an anodically coloring polymer, a positive bias applied to layer 130 with respect to counter electrode 110 produces a colored state.
- the cathodically coloring polymer can comprise a poly(3,4- alkylenedioxyheterocycle), such as alkylenedioxypyrrole, or alkylenedioxythiophene.
- the poly(3,4-alkylenedioxyheterocycle) can comprise a bridge-alkyl substituted poly(3,4- alkylenedioxythiophene), such as PProDOT-(methyl) 2 , PProDOT-(hexyl) 2 , or PProDOT- (ethylhexyl) 2 .
- the electrochemically active working electrode provided by electroactive layer 130 can be an anodically coloring polymer.
- a wide range of such materials are available, such as PPV or PPP derivatives.
- U.S. Patent No. 6,791,738 (738) entitled ELECTROCHROMIC POLYMERS AND POLYMERELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES describes some semiconducting electrochromic polymers including high band polymers having band gaps >3.0 eV.
- Named inventors for 738 include the inventor named in the present invention.
- Electrochemically active anodically coloring polymers disclosed prior to 738 are generally not optically clear and colorless in their transmissive states because the band gaps provided are not sufficiently high for the ⁇ - ⁇ * absorption to be excluded from the visible region, thus providing coloration to the transmissive state of the devices.
- band gaps of such polymers are generally no more than 2.7 eV.
- E hc/ ⁇ ; where h is Plank's constant and c is the speed of light).
- a high band gap polymer is not required for use with the invention, but can provide a highly transmissive state for the electroactive layer 130 allowing the reflective metal electrode 125 to be visible when desired for a given application.
- the EL material can be selected from a wide range of materials.
- the EL material can be MEH-PPV, PPP or PFO shown in Fig. 2(a), or provided by a single material which provides EL and EC, such as shown in Fig. 2(b).
- the invention is expected to have a wide range of applications since displays according to the invention can operate independent of ambient light. Any form of display in which one would want to have either emission of light or change of color on surface can benefit from the invention.
- Some exemplary applications include
- Electrochromic devices inherently operate with electrochromic memory since once the color change is set by an appropriate redox reaction, no current is required at that pixel. Thus, electrochromic operation uses less energy than emitting devices which require constant power consumption, thus allowing longer operating times for the power supply used in the system, typically a battery.
- the user Upon entering the dark tunnel, the user (or a light sensor based on some light level threshold) flips a switch to light emitting mode wherein the display will be visible in the dark.
- Light sensors known in the art can be based on a variety of devices including photodiodes photoresistors, photransistors, or CCDs.
- Example 1 A device was constructed in order to make use of both the electrochromic and electroluminescent properties of certain metal complexes.
- Stock solutions of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and the metal complex tris(2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate ([Ru(bpy) 3 ](PF 6 ) 2 ) s (Fig. 2(b) were prepared in acetonitrile with concentrations of 33 mg/mL and 53 mg/mL, respectively.
- PMMA serves as an inert matrix which provides good film forming properties. These solutions were blended in a 1 :3 volumetric ratio.
- Composite films were spin cast from this solution onto an ITO coated glass at a rate of 2000 rpm to yield a thickness of 100 nm.
- the film on the glass ITO substrate was kept under vacuum at room temperature for 1 h and then heated under vacuum to 120 0 C for 2 h.
- a porous gold membrane with a gold thickness of about 100 nm was then placed on the top of the film.
- a small amount of electrolyte was spread on the porous gold membrane.
- PEDOT that was electrochemically deposited on gold.
- MYLAR® was placed at the very top facing towards the gold to serve as the counter electrode material 110. Connections to the two gold electrodes and the ITO electrode were made by copper bands.
- the porous gold membrane and the ITO were accessed as electrodes in order to run the device in light emitting electrochemical cell mode, while the ITO and the gold MYLAR® electrodes were utilized to run the device in electrochromic mode.
- Example 2 A device was constructed using MEH-PPV which as noted above is a material which provides both electrochromism and electroluminescence.
- MEH-PPV poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-l,4-phenylene vinylene]
- PEO poly(ethylene oxide)
- Li triflate lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate
- Composite polymer films were spin cast from this solution onto an ITO coated glass at a rate of 2000 rpm to yield a thickness of 200 nm. That film on the glass ITO substrate was heated under vacuum at 80 0 C for 2 h.
- FIG. 3 shows exemplary layers comprising a dual EL/EC device 300 according to the invention shown partially separated to facilitate description of fabrication steps to form the dual EL/EC.
- the device 300 will change color (EC mode) or emit light (EL mode). This is possible because both EL and EC operations require an electroactive layer 315 (MEH-PPV).
- the EL mode may use an ionic conductive material blended with the light emitting material.
- the EC mode uses an ionic transport layer 320 shown as a gel electrolyte.
- Electroactive layer 315 includes a thin gold layer 318 thereon.
- the use of a porous membrane (substrate) 330 having gold 335 thereon as the middle electrode in this hybrid EL/EC device 300 ensures fast transfer of ions between the electrochemically active layers and electrical contact to the outside of the device.
- the counter electrode shown as oxidized PXDOT 340 completes the active portion of device 300.
- Optically transparent ITO on glass layers 361 and 362 sandwich the active portion of device 300.
- the middle contact was then pressed onto the MEH-PPV layer 315 to ensure electrical contact between the gold layers 318 and 335.
- a thin film of PXDOT (structure shown below) was separately deposited on an ITO/Glass substrate (electrochemically polymerized or solution cast) and was electrochemically oxidized to form the counter electrode 340.
- This counter electrode 340 was then placed on the middle contact (face down) separated by a thin layer of ionically conducting gel electrolyte 320.
- Figure 4(a) shows the current- voltage characteristics of this device when ⁇ 1 V was applied for 10 seconds and the current was monitored against time. The switching time was determined to be about 3 seconds from the decay of the current. The maximum current values are about 0.1 niA which is typical for polymer based electrochromic devices.
- Figure 4(b) shows the reflectance spectra of this device at two extreme states ( ⁇ 1 V) in the visible region. At -IV, the MEH-PPV layer is neutral with a reflectance minimum at about 510 nm. When the bias is switched to +1 V, MEH-PPV is oxidized (bleached) to yield higher reflectance (lower absorption) values at 510 nm. This also results in coloring of the PEDOT layer underneath to yield lower reflectance values at wavelengths above 580 nm.
- the device When the device was biased for EL operation and ⁇ 6V was applied between the MEH-PPV layer and the middle contact, the device lit up for a short period of time followed by complete oxidation (discoloration) of the MEH-PPV layer.
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP05817277A EP1812821B1 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2005-10-20 | Dual light emitting and electrochromic device |
DE602005009392T DE602005009392D1 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2005-10-20 | DUAL LIGHT EMITTING AND ELECTROCHROMICAL DEVICE |
US11/576,616 US7557499B2 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2005-10-20 | Dual light emitting and electrochromic device |
JP2007538063A JP2008517350A (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2005-10-20 | Dual light emission and electrochromic device |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US62041204P | 2004-10-20 | 2004-10-20 | |
US60/620,412 | 2004-10-20 |
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WO2006045043A1 true WO2006045043A1 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
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PCT/US2005/037893 WO2006045043A1 (en) | 2004-10-20 | 2005-10-20 | Dual light emitting and electrochromic device |
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US (1) | US7557499B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1812821B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008517350A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20070074566A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE406595T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602005009392D1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006045043A1 (en) |
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2005
- 2005-10-20 AT AT05817277T patent/ATE406595T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-10-20 DE DE602005009392T patent/DE602005009392D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-20 US US11/576,616 patent/US7557499B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-10-20 EP EP05817277A patent/EP1812821B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-10-20 WO PCT/US2005/037893 patent/WO2006045043A1/en active Application Filing
- 2005-10-20 KR KR1020077008608A patent/KR20070074566A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-10-20 JP JP2007538063A patent/JP2008517350A/en not_active Withdrawn
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WO2009120658A1 (en) * | 2008-03-24 | 2009-10-01 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Dual active film electrochromic display device |
US8284473B2 (en) | 2008-03-24 | 2012-10-09 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Dual active film electrochromic display device |
WO2009129275A1 (en) * | 2008-04-15 | 2009-10-22 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Interdigitated electrode dual electroemissive/electrochromic devices |
US8120245B2 (en) | 2008-04-15 | 2012-02-21 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Interdigitated electrode dual electroemissive/electrochromic devices |
EP2660652A1 (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2013-11-06 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Porous electrode sheet, method for producing same, and display device |
KR20130140789A (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2013-12-24 | 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 | Porous electrode sheet, method for producing same, and display device |
EP2660652A4 (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2014-08-06 | Nitto Denko Corp | Porous electrode sheet, method for producing same, and display device |
US8941908B2 (en) | 2010-12-28 | 2015-01-27 | Nitto Denko Corporation | Porous electrode sheet, method for producing the same, and display device |
KR101898744B1 (en) | 2010-12-28 | 2018-09-13 | 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 | Porous electrode sheet, method for producing same, and display device |
CN104583852A (en) * | 2012-08-14 | 2015-04-29 | 原子能及能源替代委员会 | Electroluminescent and electrochromic display device, and associated method of manufacture |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1812821B1 (en) | 2008-08-27 |
ATE406595T1 (en) | 2008-09-15 |
DE602005009392D1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
EP1812821A1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
US7557499B2 (en) | 2009-07-07 |
US20080203910A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
JP2008517350A (en) | 2008-05-22 |
KR20070074566A (en) | 2007-07-12 |
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