Figure 1.
Illustrations of chord functions and sequences used.
A. Chord functions in C major. B. Chord function sequences used in the present experiment. Conditions differ according to the ending chord function: tonic, submediant (SM) or supertonic (ST). Dom, Dominant.
Figure 2.
Locations and activities of multiple ECDs.
A. Multiple ECDs of an individual superimposed on a sagittal (left panel), a coronal (middle panel) and an axial (right panel) plane of stereotactic template MRI orientated in a radiological convention (left to right). ECDs are located on the left Heschl's gyrus (red), the right Heschl's gyrus (blue), the left inferior frontal gyrus (green) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (magenta). B. Averaged ECD activities across all participants (n = 19) for tonic (yellow), submediant (purple) and supertonic (cyan) conditions. The shaded areas indicate the time-windows used in statistical analysis.
Table 1.
Means and standard errors of the means (in parentheses) of the locations of multiple ECDs in the head coordinate system (n = 19).
Figure 3.
The relation between negative logarithmic conditional probabilities and normalized EANm activities.
Linear fitting lines (blue) and quadratic fitting curves for a null hypothesis (black dashed curves) and for an alternative hypothesis (red curves) were superimposed on scatter plots for the non-musicians (A) and the musicians (B) for the time-window of 100–170 ms as EANm1 and for the non-musicians (C) and the musicians (D) for the time-window of 180–250 ms as EANm2. Each data point on the scatter plot represents an individual normalized EANm activity for each condition. The slopes of linear fitting lines (β) are noted.
Figure 4.
Mean correct rates on the behavioral test and correlation with normalized EANm activities.
A. Mean correct rates by types (tonic, submediant, supertonic) and groups. Error bars indicate the standard errors of the means. The dotted horizontal line indicates the chance level (1/3). B. Scatter plot of normalized EANm activities vs. correct rates for submediants in non-musicians for the time-window of 100–170 ms as EANm1. A linear regression line is indicated (red) with the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) noted. C. Scatter plot for the time-window of 180–250 ms as EANm2.