18 Ni (250) Maraging

PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987 FERROUS ALLOYS FeUH
AUTHOR: W. D. KLOPP
GENERAL 1.01 Commercial Designation
This steel is one of a series of wrought high-nickel 18Ni 250 grade maraging steel. Fe
alloys developed in 1959 to combine superior 18 Ni
toughness and resistance to crack propagation with 1.02 Alternate Designations 7.5 Co
high strength. This attractive property combina¬ UNS K92890, UNS K92940, Almar 18 250,
tion is achieved by aging to promote complex Marvac 250, Nimark 250, Udimar B-250, and 5 Mo
precipitation reactions in a low carbon iron-nickel Vasco max 250. Ti
martensite. In these 18Ni maraging steels, the Al
transformation from austenite to martensite occurs 1.03 Specifications
just above room temperature (200 to 400 F). In 1.031 AMS specifications, Table 1.031. 18Ni(250)
the martensitic condition, the steels are soft and 1.032 Other specifications: ASTM A538 (Grade B);
ductile. They can be easily fabricated and subse¬ ASTM A579 (Grade 72); MIL-Sÿ6850. Maraging
quently strengthened by age-hardening at 900 F.
A high degree of dimensional stability is main¬ 1.04 Composition
tained throughout heat treatment. 1.041 Composition, Table 1.041.
1.042 Precipitates formed during aging include Ni3Ti
Four compositions have been specified according and Ni3Mo. Carbon in excess of 0.03 percent ad¬
to their approximate yield strengths in ksi. These versely affects notch toughness by removing
are grades 200, 250, 300, and 350, with the 250 titanium and molybdenum from the matrix to
grade being most widely used. The nominal form carbides. Aluminum is added for deoxida-
amounts of cobalt, molybdenum, and titanium tion and improved impact strength. Amounts over
vary in these four grades. For optimum strength 0.15 percent increase strength but decrease tough¬
and toughness, carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, ness. Grain boundary precipitation is retarded by
and phosphorus are held at low levels. small additions of boron and zirconium, thereby
improving the toughness and resistance to stress
The actual strength level and toughness of corrosion cracking. Phosphorus, antimony, arsenic,
18Ni(250) maraging steel can vary considerably and tin can cause isothermal embrittlement in the
with composition variations within the specified temperature range 600 to 1100 F (82).
limits and also depend strongly on processing
history. Properly processed sheet product has 1.05 Heat Treatment
higher fracture toughness than standard low alloy 1.051 General. Although the 18Ni maraging steels are
quenched and tempered steels. The toughness fully austenitic above 1350 F, higher annealing
and impact properties of heavy sections are also temperatures are generally used to ensure that the
superior to those of conventional medium carbon precipitates go into solution and that any residual
low alloy high strength steels heat treated to com¬ fabrication stresses are removed- On cooling, the
parable strength levels. However, the fracture austenite transforms to low carbon iron-nickel
properties of heavy sections can be directional martensite that has a body-centered cubic structure
and are lowest in the short transverse direction. with no evidence of tetragonality. The structure is
This directionality is influenced by melting and untwinned but with dense tangles of dislocations.
processing conditions- Some early heats of marag¬ This type of martensite is relatively soft (approxi¬
ing steel were air melted and data from such heats mately HRC 30) and tough. Since the austenite to
are included in this chapter. However, modern martensite transformation takes place at low tem¬
practice requires vacuum induction melting (VIM) peratures (see Figure 2.0122) where diffusion con¬
plus consumable vacuum arc (CVM) remelting. trolled processes are not favored, the martensite
forms by diffusionless shear.
Although maraging steels are more resistant to
rusting than most of the non-corrosion resistant An important practical aspect of maraging steels is
steels, some form of protective coating is normally that martensite is formed at all cooling rates and
used for prolonged service life. Resistance to en¬ thus in all section sizes. The usual concepts of
vironmentally enhanced crack propagation is better hardenability do not apply to maraging steels. Al¬
than that of 4340 steel at an equivalent level of though it forms at low temperatures, the iron-
tensile strength. The maraging steels are embrittled nickel martensite must be reheated to about
by hydrogen but less so than conventional low 1100 F before it transforms back into austenite
alloy steels. Welding requires special precautions for short heating times. Reheat times on the order
and the toughness of the weld metal is generally of tens of hours cause austenite to form at lower
below that of the parent metal. Maraging steel can temperatures. The heat treatment of maraging
be surface hardened by nitriding. steels makes use of this hysteresis to age-harden the
martensite below the austenite transformation tem¬
The use of 18Ni(250) maraging steel is limited by perature. The strength of annealed l8Ni(250)
high cost compared with lower alloyed steels of grade more than doubles on aging at 900 F for
comparable strength. It is particularly suited to 3 hours.
specialized applications where heat treat distor¬
tions and dimensional changes must be minimized Although the strengthening precipitates are small
and high fracture toughness is required. These and not easily identifiable, they are thought to be
applications include casings for small solid rockets, primarily Ni3Mo with a secondary titanium-
light aircraft landing gear, helicopter power shafts containing precipitate, possibly Ni3Ti. Cobalt is
and rotor joints, permanent molds, and dies for believed to reduce the solubility of molybdenum
injection molds. in the iron-nickel matrix, thereby producing a CODE 1220
Page 1
FeUH FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987
larger amount of finely dispersed precipitate which grains of sulfur per 100 ftÿ. Furnace atmosphere
Fe increases the strength of the alloy. The cobalt- should not be carburizing; atmosphere containing
18 Ni molybdenum combination in maraging steels is 5 percent COs is suggested (6). Aging is normally
7.5 Co unique and allows retention of good toughness at done in air.
strength levels up to about 300 ksi. 1.055 Effect of solution anneal temperature on prior
5 Mo austenite grain size, Figure 1.055.
Ti The standard aging heat treatment of 3 hours at
Al 900 F is near the peak hardness achievable in a 1-06 Hardness
reasonable time period. Softening at times over 1.061 Typical hardness for annealed condition, 28 to
20 hours at 900 F is caused by a combination of 35 HRC (4-6).
18IMi (250)
classical overaging and the formation of soft, 1.062 Typical hardness for fully aged material, 48 to
Maraging stable austenite. The diffusion-controlled forma¬ 52 HRC (4-6).
tion of austenite is called "austenite reversion". At 1.063 Effect of aging temperature and time on hardness,
temperatures in the two-phase region of the phase Figure 1.063.
diagram, martensite breaks down into ferrite and 1.064 Hardenability. Air cooling from anneal followed
austenite after sufficiently long heating times. by aging produces full hardness in heavy
Partitioning of the alloying elements occurs, with section (4-6).
the reverted austenite having a slightly different
composition than that formed by solution anneal- 1.07 Forms and Conditions Available
ing in the single phase austenite field. Austenite This steel is available in bar, rod, wire, sheet, strip,
reversion is promoted by local changes in composi¬ plate, tubing, shapes, extrusions, and forgings in
tion, such as by overaging, which causes local com¬ the hot worked or annealed condition. Sheet is
positional changes. Austenite, being soft, lowers also available in the annealed and cold worked
the strength and should be avoided. This is ac¬ condition.
complished by solution annealing at temperatures
well above the two-phase region and aging at time- 1.08 Melting and Casting Practice
temperature conditions under which the pre¬ Electric furnace air melting with or without vac¬
cipitate is stable (83). uum degassing, induction vacuum melting, consum¬
1.052 Annealing treatment, 1450 to 1650 F, 1 hour per able electrode vacuum remelting. Low carbon con¬
inch of thickness, 15 to 30 minutes minimum, and tent and low residual element content require high
air cool is generally recommended. Double anneal¬ quality raw materials. Vacuum melting is recom¬
ing treatment of 1650 to 1700 F, 1 hour, air cool, mended. For improved fracture toughness, carbon
plus 1500 to 1550 F, 1hour, air cool, is also should be kept well below the specified 0.03 per¬
recommended. Selection of an optimum annealing cent maximum (see Table 1.082 and Section
temperature in terms of strength and toughness 3.0339).
will depend on the prior thermal-mechanical 1.081 Room temperature tensile properties of air and
history. Generally, annealing temperature should vacuum melted slab, Table 1.081.
be kept below 1800 F to prevent excessive grain 1.082 Influence of carbon content on the room tempera¬
coarsening and to avoid thermal embrittlement ture properties of laboratory vacuum melted plate,
(see Section 1.094). Table 1.082.
1 053 Aging treatment, 700 to 950 F, air cool. Full age
is generally recommended, 875 to 925 F, 3 hours, 1.09 Special Considerations
air cool. Broad latitude in aging treatment is avail- 1.091 General. The heat to heat variability of this steel
able through proper combinations of aging time within the composition limits given in Table 1.041
and temperature. Structures that are badly segre¬ is higher than that normally encountered for low
gated may not age in a normal manner and austen¬ alloy heat treated steels such as 4340. Special con¬
ite reversion may be encountered. Structures that sideration should also be given to directionality of
have undergone austenite reversion may be re¬ mechanical properties, the possibility of high tem¬
stored to strength by reannealing and aging. perature embrittlement, and the high tolerance for
Duplex aging treatments may be used to provide hydrogen. Weldments present special problems
some increase in strength (see Table 3.02178). which are discussed in Section 4.03.
Aging after severe cold working should be avoided 1.092 Variability of properties. The yield strength and
(see Section 3-0218lc). toughness of aged material will vary from heat to
1.054 Special considerations Decarburization limits are heat within the specified composition limits (e.g.,
not applicable to this steel because of the low car¬ see Figures 1.0921, 3.0234, 3.02717, 3.0315,
bon content Care should be taken, however, to 3.0318, 3.0331, 3.03391, and 3.03392). The vari¬
avoid surface carburization, sulfurization, and ex¬ ation in strength is caused primarily by differences
cessive oxidation. The use of cracked ammonia as in the content of strengthening elements, and also
a protective atmosphere during annealing treat¬ arises from differences in the melting and process¬
ments can introduce hydrogen into this steel and ing history (11-13). Generally the toughness will
produce embrittlement under certain conditions. decrease with those factors that tend to increase
This hydrogen embrittlement is less severe for air the yield strength, such as cold work retained after
cooling from annealing temperature than for water annealing, increased titanium content (see Fig¬
quenching, and is eliminated by the standard aging ure 3.02712, FeUH 1225) or cryogenic testing
treatment (see Section 1.095). temperature (see Table 3.03711). The influence
of melting practice on the mechanical properties is
not well understood; however, toughness is im¬
Before heating remove grease and oil. Furnace fuel proved with a reduction in the carbon content (see
CODE 1220 oil should not contain more than 0.75 percent Table 1.082) and is affected by processing history
Page 2 sulfur by weight; fuel gas not more than 100 total
(see Section 1.094). It is recommended that for 4340 at lower strength levels. This has been
critical applications the aging response regarding demonstrated by both tensile tests and static Fe
strength and toughness be determined for each fatigue tests. Charging conditions (0.02 amps per 18 Ni
heat. square inch for 5 minutes) that severely reduce the 7.5 Co
1.0921 Effect of titanium content on tensile properties of reduction of area of 4340 (Fÿ = 230 ksi) have no
annealed and aged sheets from laboratory and pro¬ effect on this grade of maraging steel. Sufficiently 5 Mo
duction heats, Figure 1.0921. severe charging conditions will reduce the ductility Ti
1.093 Directionality. Heavy sections of this alloy and of this steel. Recovery by baking is much more Al
other high strength steels can exhibit a banded rapid than observed for 4340 ;a bake of 24 hours
structure which is associated with alloy segrega¬ at 400 to 600 F usually restores their full mechani¬ 18Ni(250)
tion. If the bands contain a high concentration of cal properties (4, 19, 20).
nonmetallic inclusions (titanium carbides/nitrides, Maraging
titanium sulfides or oxides), the short transverse Hydrogen embrittlement may result from high
ductility and toughness may be considerably lower temperature treatment in certain atmospheres,
than the corresponding longitudinal properties (see such as cracked ammonia. The embrittlement
Table 3-02156 and Table 3.02724). Under these effect is completely removed by the standard aging
circumstances, the banding can result in delamina- treatment (3 hours at 900 F) (10). Electroplating
tions or splitting in the plane of the bands. In and acid chemical contouring do not appear to
severe cases, splitting may occur during shearing embrittle this steel; however, specific processes
or forming operations, or may be produced by should be checked by control tests before adop¬
thermal stresses induced by flame (or plasma-arc) tion (21, 22). Dry hydrogen at 1atmosphere
cutting or welding. causes rapid crack extension in this steel under
both static and fatigue loads (see Figures 2.0332
It should be noted that in banded structures, the and 3.0523) (24). This effect is eliminated by
apparent fracture toughness for cracks propagating the introduction of moisture into the hydrogen
in a direction perpendicular to the bands (TS and atmosphere (23) (see also Section 2.033).
LS orientation) will be higher than that for cracks
propagating in the other directions because of 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND
momentary crack arrest and reinitiation at ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
the delaminations (see Tables 3.02723 and
3.02724) (14, 15). 2.01 Thermal Properties
2.01 1 Melting range approximately 2600 to 2650 F.
The presence of these inclusions reduces the gen¬ 2.012 Phase changes. Alloy transforms to martensite on
eral level of ductility and toughness in the other slow cooling from annealing temperature. Ms =
directions (10). The degree of banding and its in¬ 450 F and Mf = 300 F approximately (see Fig¬
fluence on the mechanical properties is related to ure 2.0122); these temperatures depend on the
the melting and processing practices employed. In alloy composition, Ms being lowered by molyb¬
this respect particular attention should be given to denum (8, 9). Austenite reversion occurs on over-
Sections 1.08, 1.094, and 4.011. By very careful aging which depends on time and temperature and
control of the melting and processing techniques, on composition (8, 14). Austenite content after
it is possible to reduce the amount of banding and aging for 80 hours at 900 F is about 12 percent (8).
to minimize its deleterious effects on the transverse Length changes from maraging, which vary with
properties of heavy sections (10, 16, 17). processing history, are approximately 0.06 to
1.094 Isothermal embrittlement. This steel may be 0.08 percent (4, 85).
severely embrittled by certain high temperature 2.0121 Time-temperature-tiansformation diagrams.
thermal treatments involved in processing and 2.0122 Austenite to martensite transformation curve, Fig¬
fabrication. The most severe embrittlement re¬ ure 2.0122.
sults from prolonged exposure in the temperature 2.013 Thermal conductivity, Figure 2.013.
range 1500 to 1800 F following heating to 2200 to 2.014 Thermal expansion (75 to 900 F, 5.6 x 10"ÿ inch
2400 F, and is caused by the precipitation of per inch per F), Figure 2.014.
TiC,N at austenite boundaries and the marked 2.015 Specific heat at constant pressure, Figure 2.015.
coarsening of the austenite grains during high tem¬ 2.016 Thermal diffusivity (see Figures 2.013 and 2.015,
perature heating (10). This condition would be and Section 2.021).
encountered if the alloy is allowed to cool very
slowly following prior hot working (see Figure 2.02 Other Physical Properties
3.02725). For this reason hot working should be 2.021 Density, 0.29 lb/in.3, 8.0 gm/cmÿ (3-5).
followed by as rapid an air cool as possible (10,18). 2.022 Electrical resistivity, increases within the indicated
Heavy sections welded by high heat input processes ranges primarily with titanium content (see also
may also exhibit this embrittlement (10). Section 2.022, FeUH 1225) (4).
1.0941 Effect of combined annealing treatments on im¬ As annealed at 1500 F 23.6 to 27-5 microhm-in.
pact strength of annealed plate, Figure 1.0941. 60 to 70 microhm-cm
1.0942 Effect of combined annealing treatments on im¬ Maraged, 3 hi - 900 F 13.8 to 23.6 microhm-in.
pact strength of annealed and aged plate, Figure 35 to 60 microhm-cm.
1.0942. 2.023 Magnetic properties (see Section 2.023, FeUH
1.0943 Effect of combined annealing treatments on 1225).
strength and crack toughness of plate, Table 2.0231 D. C. magnetic properties. Permeability at 200
1.0943. oersteds = 77.5- Saturation induction equals
1 095 Hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittles 21.2 kilogauss at 1300 oersteds (26). CODE 1220
this alloy but it exhibits a greater tolerance for 2.024 Emittance.
hydrogen than other high-strength steels such as 2.025 Damping capacity. Page
PeUH FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987
2.03 Chemical Environments growth rate increases sharply with the stress in¬
Fe 2.031 Corrosion resistance. Atmospheric environments, tensity factor K (Stage I), and a range where the
18 Ni such as industrial and marine atmospheres, cor¬ growth rate is little changed with increasing K
rode the maraging steels 0 0005 to 0-001 inch per (Stage II). The crack growth behavior in dry
7.5 Co
year, about half that of normal high strength low hydrogen at room temperature is shown in Fig¬
5 Mo alloy steels. Static immersion tests show the ure 2.0332. Cracking proceeds on load application
Ti average corrosion rate to be 0.003 inch per year in (above the threshold stress intensity factor) with
Al quiet seawater (0.5 ft per second), and 0.007 to little or no detectable incubation period and is
0.011 inch per year in flowing seawater (at 2 ft per continuous with time. The rate-limited Stage II
18N i (250) second) and 0.09 to 0.11 inch per year (at 130 ft crack growth exhibits three distinct regions of tem¬
per second), these rates being comparable to those perature dependency, with a different isothermal
Maraging for control samples of 4340 and HY-80 steels. The pressure dependence in each region, as shown in
maraging steels corrode substantially in tap water, Figures 2.0333 and 2.0334.
some neutral salt solutions, and in some inorganic
and organic acids. Their corrosion rate is lower In the low temperature region (below about 0 F),
than those of low-alloy steels heat treated to high the Stage IIcrack growth rate is thermally acti¬
strength levels. In general, the maraging steels vated with an activation energy of 4.4 kcal/mole.
should be protected from exposure to corrosive This activation energy relates to a hydrogen trans¬
solutions by some means, such as by a suitable port process and is independent of hydrogen pres¬
coating. Conventional cathodic protection, as with sure and alloy yield strength. The crack-growth
zinc anodes, is not recommended because of the rates are proportional to I" 1116 inter¬
danger of hydrogen embrittlement (4, 19, 27, 28). mediate temperature range, Stage IIcrack-growth
2.032 Stress corrosion. rates deviate from the low temperature thermally
2.0321 This maraging steel exhibits better stress corrosion activated behavior, pass through a maximum, and
resistance than 18Ni(300) maraging steel (FeUH then decrease with increasing temperature. The
-
1225 Fe-18Ni-9Co-5Mo-Ti-Al) and other low apparent threshold stress intensity factor increases
alloy high strength steels, such as 4340 heat treated gradually with increasing temperature in the low
to high strength levels; however, a suitable coating temperature region but increases sharply in the
is recommended (4, 27, 29, 30). Delayed failure intermediate temperature region, as shown in
can occur in water environment. The sensitivity Figure 2.0335.
to water- or moisture-enhanced crack growth is
less than that for 18Ni(300) maraging steel and Above a "transition" temperature, the 18Ni
4340 (28, 31, 32). Moisture has only a slight maraging steels become essentially immune to
effect on the rate of fatigue crack growth in this gaseous hydrogen embrittlement. The transition
alloy (23, 33). temperature is strongly dependent on hydrogen
2.0322 Delayed failure characteristics of air-melted and pressure and varies also with yield strength among
CVM sheets in 3 percent NaCl solution at room the various grades of maraging steel (87, 88). (See
temperature, Figure 2.0322. also Figure 3.0523.)
2.0323 Delayed failure characteristics of air-melted and 2.0332 Influence of stress intensity factor K on the rate of
CVM plates in 3 percent NaCl solution at room crack growth under sustained load in dry hydrogen
temperature, Figure 2.0323. at 1 atmosphere and room temperature, Figure
2.0324 Delayed failure characteristics of air-melted plate 2.0332.
in synthetic seawater at room temperature, Fig¬ 2.0333 Effect of temperature on Stage U (rate limited)
ure 2.0324. sustained load crack-growth rate in high purity
2.0325 Prior heat treatment has a moderate effect on the hydrogen at several pressures, Figure 2.0333.
time to failure under constant load stress corrosion 2.0334 Effects of hydrogen pressure on Stage II sustained
in humid air, as shown in Figure 2.0326. This load crack-growth rates at -49 to 68 F, Figure
effect is related to a grain boundary precipitate of 2.0334.
Ti(C,N) which is present in the high temperature 2.0335 Effects of temperature on apparent threshold stress
annealed, austenitized, and aged material (Lot B) intensity factor for sustained load crack growth in
but absent in the high temperature annealed and high purity hydrogen, Figure 2.0335.
aged material (Lot A). The precipitate-free mate¬ 2.0336 The threshold stress intensity for sustained load
rial has high fracture toughness (K value at zero cracking in hydrogen is substantially increased by
time to failure) compared to the precipitate- preloading in an inert atmosphere, as shown in
containing material, but the threshold stress in¬ Figure 2.0337. Thus, an increase in the load
tensities are similar (about 30 ksi \/in.) for both capacity of a structure with cracks, to be utilized
materials (86). under hydrogen cracking conditions, can be
2.0326 Effects of heat treatment on sustained load failure achieved by preloading under the proper
time in 100 percent relative humidity at room tem¬ conditions (89).
perature, Figure 2.0326. 2.0337 Effects of static preloading on threshold stress
2.0327 The threshold stress intensity factor for stress- intensity factor for sustained load cracking in dry
corrosion cracking in salt air is reduced by welding hydrogen, Figure 2.0337.
(see Table 4.0365). 2.0338 Tensile embrittlement of 18Ni(250) maraging
2.033 Hydrogen environment effects. occurs at room temperature when tested in gas¬
2.0331 This maraging steel is susceptible to embrittlement eous hydrogen at strain rates of less than about
and sustained-load cracking in gaseous hydrogen. 10'1 min.-l, as shown in Figure 2.0339. Alloy
Crack growth is characterized by an apparent tested in vacuum is ductile, while alloy that has
CODE 1220 threshold stress intensity, a region where the
Page 4
been cathodically charged with hydrogen is em¬ compression than in tension. The strength differ¬
brittled at strain rates from 4 x 10"ÿ to 2 min.'l. ential effect is greater under monotonic than under Fe
These strain rate effects are attributed to the cyclic loading conditions and is smaller than the 18 Ni
necessity for hydrogen diffusion to support brittle cyclic softening effect (91).
7.5 Co
decohesion at the stress levels involved. It is of 3.0212 Monotonic and cyclic stress-strain curves [(a) solu¬
interest to note that the critical ductile-to-brittle tion annealed, (b) solution annealed plus 4-hour 5 Mo
strain rate of 10*1 min."1 in tensile testing is almost age, and (c) solution annealed plus 8-hour age] , Ti
identical to the sustained load crack-growth rate in Figure 3.0212. Al
hydrogen at room temperature shown in Figure 3.0213 Stress-strain curve for annealed and aged bar,
2.0333. suggesting that the same hydrogen em- Figure 3.0213. 18Ni (250)
brittlement reaction is rate-controlling under both 3.0214 Producers' typical range of tensile properties,
sets of conditions. Tensile embrittlement of aged Table 3.0214.
Maraging
alloy in hydrogen is affected by the prior solution 3.0215 Typical tensile properties.
annealing temperature. As shown in Figure 3.02151 Typical tensile properties of sheet, plate, and bar,
2.03310, annealing temperatures above 1600 F Table 3.02151.
promote embrittlement during subsequent tensile 3.02152 Typical tensile properties of annealed and aged
testing in hydrogen, while annealing at 1400 F billets, Table 3.02152.
decreases susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. 3.02153 Typical tensile properties of annealed and forged
It has been suggested that this annealing effect is billets, Table 3.02153.
attributable to banding, which is intensified by 3.02154 Typical tensile properties of air and vacuum
the low temperature heat treatment. In the soft melted slab. Table 3.02154.
(imaged) solution annealed condition, the alloy is 3.02155 Typical tensile properties of sheet and plate from
not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (90). an air melted heat, Table 3.02155.
2.0339 Effects of strain rate on tensile reduction in area at 3.02156 Typical tensile properties of sheet and plate from a
room temperature for specimens tested in vacuum, CVM heat. Table 3.02156.
in hydrogen, and in vacuum immediately after 3.0216 Effect of annealing. Solution annealing tempera¬
cathodically charging, Figure 2.0339. tures (1 hour) from 1500 to 2400 F have little
2.03310 Effects of solution anneal temperature on tensile effect on the tensile properties of CVM plate tested
ductility of aged bar tested in vacuum and in in the annealed condition, as shown in Figure
hydrogen (1 atmosphere), Figure 2.03310. 3.02161. The yield and ultimate strengths in this
condition are quite low. The effects of a single
3 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES anneal at various temperatures on the tensile prop¬
erties of aged stock are not consistent. Thus, in
3.01 Specified Mechanical Properties the annealing temperature range between 1400 and
3.011 AMS specified mechanical properties for sheet, 1800 F, the tensile ultimate and yield strength of
strip, and plate, Table 3.01. CVM sheet (see Figure 3.02162) is reduced with in¬
3.012 AMS specified mechanical properties for bars, forg- creasing annealing temperature while correspond¬
ings, tubing, and rings, Table 3.012. ing elongation changes are relatively small.
In contrast, the tensile properties of CVM bar
3.02 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature (Figure 3.02163) and air melted plate (Figure
3.021 Tension - stress-strain diagrams - tension 3.02164) change relatively little in the annealing
properties. temperature range between 1400 and 1800 F.
3.0211 Stress-strain diagrams. Cyclic softening occurs in Very high annealing temperatures (1800 to
solution annealed and aged 18Ni(250) maraging 2400 F) reduce the ultimate and yield strength
steel, Figures 3.0212b and c, while mixed behavior of CVM plate substantially but have little effect
is observed in solution annealed material, as shown on the elongation (Figure 3.02165). The tensile
in Figure 3.0212a. Cyclic softening results in a ultimate and yield strengths of double annealed
13 to 15 percent decrease in the 0.2 percent yield plate are essentially unaffected by reannealing at
strength under cyclic as compared to monotonic temperatures between 1500 and 2400 F (Figure
conditions for the aged material. This reduction in 3.02166), while the elongation and reduction in
yield strength can occur during design life as a re¬ area are substantially reduced by reannealing at
sult of cyclic loading and should be considered dur¬ temperatures above 2100 F.
ing component design. The yield strength reduc- 3.02161 Influence of high temperature annealing treat¬
tion is mild as compared to the 50 to 60 percent ment on tensile properties of annealed CVM
softening which has been observed in 4340 and in plate, Figure 3.02161.
300-grade maraging steel. Cyclic softening has 3.02162 Effect of annealing temperature on the tensile
been related to the monotonic work hardening properties of annealed and aged sheet, Fig¬
exponent n, with small values indicating a tend¬ ure 3.02162.
ency toward cyclic softening. Low n values reflect 3.02163 Influence of annealing temperature on tensile
minimal work hardening and a starting micro- properties of bar, Figure 3.02163.
structure which is optimally strengthened. The 3.02164 Influence of annealing temperature on the
value of n for the two aged conditions shown in tensile properties of plate, Figure 3.02164.
Figures 3.0212b and c is 0.05 and is consistent 3.02165 Influence of high temperature annealing treat¬
with the observed cyclic softening. The value of n ment on tensile properties of aged CVM plate,
for the solution annealed material shown in Fig¬ Figure 3.02165.
ure 3.0212a is about 0.16. Strength differential 3.02166 Influence of high temperature annealing treat¬
effects are also observed in 18Ni(250) maraging, ment on tensile properties of air melted plate,
with the yield and flow stresses being greater in Figure 3.02166. CODE 1220
Page 5
3.0217 Effect of aging. The available data support the 3 .02183 Effect of hot rolling finishing temperature and
Fe recommended aging temperature of 900 F for cooling rate on properties of laboratory air induc¬
18 Ni high values of tensile ultimate and yield strength. tion melted plate aged at 900 F, Figure 3.02183.
7.5 Co Aging is time-dependent {see Figure 3.02173) and 3.02184 Effect of hot rolling finishing temperature and
is also influenced by composition (see Figure cooling rate on tensile properties of laboratory air
5 Mo 3.02176). Aging for very long times at tempera¬ induction melted plate aged at 850 F, Figure
Ti tures below 900 F can produce higher tensile 3.02184.
Al strengths than the conventional 900 F/3 hour 3.02185 Effect of rolling temperature on tensile properties
age (e.g., Figures 3.02173 and 3.02175). of plate, Figure 3.02185.
18Ni (250) 3-02171 Effects of solution annealing temperature and 3.02186 Effect of forging temperature on tensile properties
aging time on the tensile properties of VIM + of 5 :1 upset forged pancakes, Figure 3.02186.
Maraging CVM plate, Figure 3.02171. 3.022 Compression - stress-strain diagrams - compres¬
3.02172 Effect of aging temperature and time on the sion properties.
tensile properties of sheet, Figure 3.02172. 3.0221 Stress-strain diagrams. (See Sections 3.0211 and
3.02173 Effect of aging temperature and time on the 3.0321.)
tensile properties of air melted plate. Figure 3.0222 Compressive yield strength of annealed and aged
3.02173. bar, Table 3.0222.
3.02174 Effect of aging temperature and time on the 3.0223 Typical compressive yield strength of sheet, plate,
tensile properties of VIM + CVM plate, Figure and bar, Table 3.0223.
3.02174. 3.023 Impact (see also Sections 1.094 and 3.033).
3.02175 Effect of aging temperature and time on the 3.0231 Effect of aging temperature and time on the im¬
tensile properties of hot rolled and aged plate, pact properties of ait melted plate, Figure 3.0231.
Figure 3.02175. 3.0232 Effect of yield strength on impact properties of
3.02176 Effect of aging temperature on the tensile proper¬ 300 lb laboratory vacuum melted plate, Figure
ties of annealed plate from three heats, Figure 3.0232.
3.02176. 3 .0233 Effect of aging temperature on the impact energy
3.02177 Effect of aging temperature on the tensile proper¬ of annealed plate, Figure 3.0233.
ties of hot rolled and annealed plate from two 3.0234 Effect of sulfur content on room temperature im¬
heats, Figure 3.02177. pact energy, Figure 3.0234.
3.02178 Effect of duplex aging treatments on the tensile 3 .0235 Impact energy variation with intermediate anneal¬
properties of 300 lb laboratory vacuum melted ing temperature after high temperature heat treat¬
plate, Table 3-02178. ment at 2400 F, Figure 3.0235.
3.02179 Effect of aging temperature on the tensile proper¬ 3.0236 Impact energy variation with annealing time at
ties of 1.8 inch thick CVM plate, Figure 3.02179. 1600 F after high temperature heat treatment at
3.021710 Effect of aging temperature on tensile properties 2400 F, Figure 3.0236.
of bar, Figure 3.021710. 3.024 Bending.
3.021711 Effect of aging time on tensile properties of bar, 3.025 Torsion and shear. (See also Section 3-035.)
Figure 3.021711. 3.0251 Typical ultimate shear strength of sheet, plate, and
3.0218 Thermomechanical processing. Cold rolling prior bar, Table 3.0251.
to aging produces a significant increase in tensile 3.026 Bearings. (See also Section 3.036.)
strength, as shown in Figure 3.02181. The 3 .026 1 Typical bearing strengths of sheet and plate,
strength increases with increasing amount of Table 3.0261.
reduction in both the cold rolled and cold rolled 3.0262 Effect of 1000 hour elevated temperature expo¬
plus aged condition. Aging increases strength by sure on bearing strength of sheet, Figure 3.0262.
about 100 ksi. This improvement is the result of 3.027 Stress concentration.
changes in precipitate distribution and morphology 3.0271 Notch properties (see also Sections 3.0371, 3.0372,
caused by the cold work. Aging kinetics are and FeUH 1225).
changed to the extent that material with more 3.02711 Effect of aging time on crack strength of 250 ksi
than about 40 percent cold work is overaged by annealed sheet, Figure 3.02711.
the standard aging treatment of 3 hours at 3.02712 Effect of aging temperature on crack strength of
900 F (92). The effects of hot rolling finishing air melted and CVM plate, Figure 3.02712.
temperature and subsequent cooling rate, shown 3.02713 Effect of cold rolling prior to aging on crack
in Figures 3.02183 and 3.02184, are for practical strength of sheet, Figure 3-02713.
purposes insignificant on the tensile ultimate and 3.02714 Effect of thickness on the sharp notch properties
yield strengths for several conventional heat of air melted plate, Figure 3.02714.
treated conditions. In general, the corresponding 3 .02715 Effect of thickness on crack strength of air melted
elongations and reductions in area tend to decrease and CVM sheet, Table 3.02715.
at the highest finishing temperature (1980 F). A 3.02716 Effect of surface crack length on the crack strength
substantial reduction in fracture toughness is also of air melted plate aged at two temperatures,
noted for slowly cooled material at the higher Figure 3.02716.
finishing temperatures (see Figure 3.02725). 3.02717 Effect of surface crack length on aack strength of
3.02181 Effects of cold rolling and cold rolling plus aging plate from two air melted heats, Figure 3.02717.
on tensile properties of sheet [(a) yield strength, 3.0272 Fracture toughness.
(b) ultimate strength, and (c) elongation] ,Figure 3.02721 Plane strain fracture toughness of CVM plate,
3.02181. Table 2.02721.
3.02182 Effect of rolling temperature on the tensile proper¬ 3.02722 Effect of aging temperature on plane strain frac¬
ties of annealed, rolled, and aged sheet, Figure ture toughness of 1.8 inch thick CVM plate, Fig¬
3.02182. ure 3.02722.
CODE 1220
Page 6
3.02723 Plane strain fracture toughness of air melted and 3.033 7 Effect of solution annealing temperature and aging
vacuum degassed plate, Table 3.02723. time on the impact properties of VIM + CVM plate Fe
3.02724 Plane strain fracture toughness for annealed and at +30 F, Figure 3.0337. 18 Ni
aged laboratory air melt plate, Table 3.02724. 3.0338 Effect of aging temperature and time on the im¬ 7.5 Co
3.02725 Effect of finishing temperature for hot rolling and pact properties of VIM + CVM plate at +30 F,
cooling rate on plane strain crack toughness of Figure 3.0338. 5 Mo
laboratory air induction melted plate, Figure 3.0339 Effect of purity on impact energy. Toughness Ti
3.02725. properties are more sensitive to purity levels than Al
3.028 Combined properties. are strength properties, as shown in Figure 3.03391.
The toughness of high purity alloy increases 18Ni (250)
3.03 Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures sharply with temperature; and at room tempera¬
3.031 Tension - stress-strain diagrams - tension ture, it is about five times greater than that of
Maraging
properties. normal purity alloy. Figure 3.03392 illustrates
3.0311 Stress-strain curves at room and elevated tempera¬ that for the same strength level after aging, the
tures for air melted, annealed, and aged bar, impact energy of the high purity alloy is three to
Figure 3.0311. six times greater than that of the normal purity
3.0312 Stress-strain curves at room and elevated tempera¬ material.
tures for CVM bar, Figure 3.0312. 3.03391 Effects of purity and temperature on the impact
3.0313 Typical stress-strain curves for tension at cryogenic, energy of annealed and aged plate, Figure 3.03391.
room, and elevated temperatures, Figure 3.0313. 3.03392 Effects of purity on the relation between impact
3.0314 Effect of test temperature on the tensile properties energy and yield strength at room temperature,
of sheet, Figure 3.0314. Figure 3.03392.
3.0315 Effect of test temperature on tensile properties of 3.034 Bending.
two heats of CVM sheet, Figure 3.0315. 3.035 Torsion and shear.
3.0316 Influence of test temperature on tensile properties 3.0351 Effect of test temperature on the shear ultimate
of cold rolled and aged sheet, Figure 3.0316. strength of sheet, Figure 3.0351.
3.0317 Effect of test temperature on the tensile properties 3.0352 Effect of test temperature on the shear ultimate
of plate, Figure 3.0317. strength of plate, Figure 3.0352.
3.0318 Effect of cryogenic temperatures on the tensile 3.0353 Effect of test temperature on the shear ultimate
properties of plate at two titanium levels, Figure strength of bar, Figure 3.0353.
3.0318. 3.0354 Effect of 1000 hour elevated temperature exposure
3.0319 Effect of test temperature on tensile properties of on the shear ultimate strength of sheet at room
annealed and aged bar, Figure 3.0319. temperature, Table 3.0354.
3.03110 Effect of test temperature on the tensile properties 3.036 Bearing.
of bar, Figure 3.03110. 3.0361 Effect of test temperature on the bearing strength
3.03111 Effect of test temperature on CVM bar after hold¬ of sheet, Figure 3.0361.
ing 30 minutes and 200 hours at test temperature, 3.0362 Effect of test temperature on the bearing strength
Figure 3.03111. of plate, Figure 3.0362.
3.03112 Effect of 1000 hour elevated temperature exposure 3.0363 Effect of test temperature on the bearing strength
on the tensile properties of sheet at room tempera¬ of sheet after holding 1000 hours at test tempera¬
ture and test temperature, Table 3.03112. ture, Figure 3.0363.
3.032 - -
Compression stress-strain diagrams compres¬ 3.037 Stress concentration.
sion properties. 3.0371 Notch properties.
3.0321 Typical stress-strain curves for compression at 3.03711 Room and low temperature smooth and sharp
room and elevated temperatures, Figure 3.0321. notch tensile properties of annealed and aged
3.0322 Effect of test temperature on the compressive sheet, Table 3.03711.
properties of sheet, Figure 3.0322. 3.03712 Effect of test temperature and strain rate on crack
3.0323 Effect of test temperature on the compressive strength of annealed and aged sheet, Figure
properties of plate, Figure 3.0323. 3.03712.
3.0324 Effect of test temperature on the compressive 3.03713 Effect of test temperature on crack strength of
properties of bar, Figure 3.0324. CVM sheet, Figure 3.03713.
3.0325 Effect of 1000 hour elevated temperature expo¬ 3.03714 Effect of test temperature on crack strength of
sure on the compressive properties of sheet at CVM sheet and plate, Figure 3.03714.
room temperature, Table 3.0325. 3.03715 Effect of test temperature on crack strength of
3.033 Impact. CVM bar, Table 3.03715.
3.0331 Effect of test temperature on impact energy of 3.0372 Fracture toughness.
plate from several heats, Figure 3.0331. 3.038 Combined properties.
3.0332 Effect of low test temperature on impact energy of
annealed and aged plate, Figure 3.0332. 3.04 Creep and Creep-Rupture Properties
3.0333 Effect of test temperature on impact energy of bar 3.04 1 Creep properties of 0.07 inch thick CVM sheet at
600 and 800 F, Table 3.041.
and forging from several heats, Figure 3.0333.
3.0334 Effect of test temperature on the impact energy of
annealed and aged bar, Figure 3.0334. 3.05 Fatigue Properties
3.0335 Effect of test temperature on the impact energy of 3.051 Smooth and notched fatigue strength. It should be
bar, billet, and plate from several heats, Figure noted that the fatigue life (ie., number of cycles to
failure) for high strength metal alloys exhibits con¬
3.0335.
3.0336 Impact energy of castings at room and low temper¬ siderable scatter. The fatigue strengths are based
on a limited number of tests. These values should
atures, Table 3.0336. CODE 1220
Page 7
be considered only as guides and not be used for prior to the final hot working operation; however,
Fe design (71, 72). The fatigue life of l8Ni(250) this temperature will depend on the degree and
18 Ni maraging steel is improved by finish machining method of hot working. Finishing should be in the
and/or shot peening subsequent to final aging. range of 1500 to 1800 F, accompanied by about
7.5 Co
Compressive stresses are introduced at the surface 25 percent reduction. Attention to cooling should
5 Mo which are beneficial to smooth and notched fatigue be given to avoid isothermal embrittlement (see
Ti properties (85). Section 1.094). Hot forming and bending should
Al 3.05 11 Smooth fatigue strength of air melted and vacuum be performed at temperatures under 1800 F to
degassed plate, Table 3.0511. prevent grain coarsening. Because of its low work
18IMi (250) 3-0512 Smooth and notched fatigue strength of air melted hardening characteristics, this alloy may be cold
plate, Table 3.0512. reduced by substantial amounts before inter¬
Maraging 3_0513 Smooth and notched fatigue strength of annealed mediate annealing is required (reannealing will
and aged bar, Table 3.0513. essentially remove the effects of cold work).
3.0514 Smooth and notched axial-load fatigue strength of Cold work prior to aging will increase the aged
0.07 inch thick sheet at room and elevated tem¬ strengths but will reduce fracture toughness.
peratures, Table 3-0514. Severely cold worked parts should be
3.0515 Smooth fatigue strength of mill-annealed and reannealed (4-6, 73, 74).
annealed-and-aged plate, Table 3.0515. 4.012 Forging. Preliminary soak at 2300 F for homoge-
3-052 Fatigue crack propagation. nization. Starting temperature of 2000 F maxi¬
3.0521 Influence of stress intensity factor (AK) and test mum is preferred. Preheat for sections greater
environment on fatigue crack propagation of sheet than 6 inch square 1700 to 1800 F, approxi¬
and plate at room temperature, Figure 3.0521. mately 15 minutes per inch of thickness. Finish
3.0522 Fatigue crack propagation at room temperature in temperature 1500 to 1700 F. Reheat at 1800 F.
sheet aged at 1100 F, Figure 3.0522. Do not delay cooling (see Section 1.094).
3.0523 Influence of test frequency on fatigue crack propa¬ 4.013 Rolling.
gation in dry hydrogen (at room temperature and 4.0131 Sheet bar, start 2000 F maximum.
1 atmosphere pressure), Figure 3.0523. 4.0132 Plate. Start at 2000 F maximum and roll straight
away to finish at 1600 F, or start at 1750 to
3.06 Elastic Properties 2000 F with reheats at the same temperature and
3.061 Poisson's ratio. finish rolling at 1500 to 1600 F. Cooling to room
3 .06 11 Effect of cold rolling prior to aging on Poisson's temperature should not be delayed (see Section
ratio, Figure 3.0611. 1.094 and Figures 3.02162 and 3.027215).
3.062 Modulus of elasticity. 4.0133 Sheet. Start 1800 to 1900 F, and finish 1500 to
3.0621 Static and dynamic moduli for tension at cryo¬ 1600 F.
genic, room, and elevated temperatures, Fig¬ 4.014 Powder metallurgy.
ure 3.0621. 4.0141 This alloy has been produced by powder metallurgy
3.0622 Static moduli for compression at room and ele¬ techniques on an experimental basis. Tables 4.0142
vated temperatures, Figure 3.0622. and 4.0143 give some mechanical properties of
3.063 Modulus of rigidity, 10.7 x 103 ksi (95); 10.35 x compacts hot isostatically pressed (HIP) from
103 ksi (85). rotating electrode process (REP) powder and from
3.064 Tangent modulus. inert gas atomized (IGA) powder, respectively.
3.0641 Tangent modulus curves at room and elevated tem¬ Material compacted from the spherical REP
peratures for air melt, annealed and aged bar,
powder exhibited good tensile strength and duc¬
Figure 3.0641. tility in the double solution annealed condition
3.0642 Tangent modulus curves at room and elevated tem¬ but had poor ductility after aging at 900 or 950 F.
peratures for CVM annealed and aged bar, Fig¬
A pre-age heat treatment at 975 to 1040 F sub¬
stantially improved ductility, although it remained
ure 3.0642.
below that of similarly processed wrought alloy.
3.065 Secant modulus.
The ductility loss in the HIP material was caused
3.0651 Secant modulus curves at room and elevated tem¬
by titanium segregation to particle surfaces during
peratures for air melt, annealed and aged bar,
powder production (96).
Figure 3.0651.
3.0652 Secant modulus curves at room and elevated tem¬
peratures for CVM annealed, and aged bar, Fig¬
Material compacted from the IGA powder, which
consisted of spherical particles plus fines, was more
ure 3.0652.
sensitive to HIP temperature than material com¬
pacted from REP powder. At HIP temperatures
FABRICATION
below about 2060 F, incomplete densification re¬
sulted in poor mechanical properties. At a HIP
4.01 Forming
temperature of 2200 F, optimum properties were
4.011 General. This alloy is hot worked readily by con¬
obtained, with slight additional benefit being
ventional rolling and forging operations, and is
easily cold worked by conventional procedures in derived from an aging cycle which included a
the annealed condition. A preliminary soak at 980 F pre-age. The strength, ductility, and tough¬
2300 F (homogenizing treatment) is recommended. ness approached those of wrought material (97).
4.0142 Tensile properties of alloy consolidated from
Provision should be made for adequate work to
rotating electrode process powder, Table 4.0142.
break up the as-cast structure and to minimize
directionality. For optimum properties, a maxi¬ 4.0143 Tensile and impact properties of alloy consolidated
from inert gas atomized powder, Table 4.0143.
mum reheating temperature of 2000 F is suggested
CODE 1220
Page 8
4.02 Machining and Grinding and a weld deposit of decreased toughness. The
4 .021 General. This alloy is machined most easily in the residua] element content of the filler should be as Fe
solution annealed condition. After aging its low as possible with the following recommended 18 Ni
machinability is comparable to AISI 4340 at equal maximums: 0.03C, 0.05Si, and 0.05Mn (carbon 7.5 Co
hardness levels. Reduced surface speeds are helpful. should preferrably be kept well below this maxi¬
Carbide cutters with ample water soluble coolants mum). Sulfur and phosphorus also promote hot 5 Mo
are recommended (4, 6, 77). However, because of cracking and their contents should be minimized. Ti
its dimensional stability, machining prior to aging Vacuum melting and vacuum annealing of wire are Al
should be considered. recommended. Argon is recommended for use with
either GMA or GTA process.
18Ni (250)
4.03 Joining 4.033 Sheet metal welds. Welds in thin sections are
4.031 General. This alloy is weldable in both the solu¬ subject to high dilution effects and are markedly Maraging
tion annealed and fully heat treated conditions. influenced by the welding procedure. Recom¬
Gas shielded processes (GMA and GTA) are suit¬ mended wire compositions are given in Table
able for this alloy. Using proper techniques, joint 4.035 1. Improved strength with only a small loss
efficiencies from 90 to 100 percent are obtainable in toughness can be obtained by a double pass pro¬
for aged (900 F, 3 hours) welds in sheet and heavj cedure (see Table 4.035, FeUH 1225).
sections. Submerged arc welding is not recom¬ 4.034 Plate weld. Attempts to increase weld strength by
mended due to a pronounced tendency for hot the use of high hardener filler wire have been
cracking, low fracture toughness, and severe unsuccessful in the gas shielded processes because
embrittlement in the heat affected zone of the formation of coarse pools of austenite in the
(HAZ) (78, 79). The weld metal deposit is segre¬ weld metal which do not respond to subsequent
gated in such a way that stable austenite may be aging treatment Using proper procedures and
present in some areas and that austenite reversion filler wire in multi-pass GTA or GMA process (see
can occur in others (including the HAZ) on aging. Table 4.0351), weldments with joint efficiencies
The result is that the aging response of the weld- of better than 90 percent and with fracture tough¬
ment will be different from that of the base metal ness comparable to the base metal may be obtained
and that of the weld wire. (see Table 4.0372). Local aging after welding is
often used, however the effectiveness of this treat¬
Heat input to the weld area should be minimized in ment in achieving desired strengths and toughness
order to minimize the amount of reverted austenite should be carefully checked (78).
in the HAZ (83). The micro-segregation of the 4.035 Tensile and impact properties of weldments.
weld deposit and the amount and morphology of 4.0351 Typical tensile and impact properties and recom¬
the retained/reverted austenite are of great im¬ mended wire compositions for welding sheet and
portance in determining the strength and toughness plate, Table 4.0351.
of the weldment. The presence of austenite can 4.0352 Typical tensile and impact properties of GTA and
prevent achieving 100 percent joint efficiency. submerged arc (SA) plate weldments, Figure
Segregation of nonmetallics, such as titanium car¬ 4.0352.
bide, reduces weld toughness. Resistance to hot 4.036 Crack toughness properties.
cracking without preheat is considerably superior 4.0361 Effect of surface crack length on the crack strength
to quenched and tempered steels when using the of GTA welds in CVM plate, Figure 4.0361.
proper filler wire compositions. 4.0362 Effect of surface crack depth on the crack strength
of various weld deposits in air melt plate, Figure
The weld HAZ will contain regions with stable re¬ 4.0362.
verted austenite where the peak temperatures had 4.0363 Effect of surface crack depth on the sharp notch
reached the neighborhood of 1200 F. These soft strength of weld deposits in 250 ksi air melt plate
regions may be removed by subsequent annealing aged after welding or annealed and aged after
and aging; however, in most cases, their influence welding, Figure 4.0363.
on strength is relatively small and the toughness is 4.0364 Plane strain fracture toughness of GTA and SA
higher than that of the parent metal. welds in air melt plate, Table 4.0364.
4.0365 Effects of welding on fracture toughness and
General recommendations concerning welding tech¬ threshold stress intensity factor for stress corro¬
niques include: avoid prolonged time at elevated sion, Table 4.0365.
temperature; do not preheat; keep interpass tem¬
perature below 250 F; use minimum possible weld 4.04 Surface Treating
energy input; and avoid conditions causing low 4.041 General. Sand blasting removes oxide scales ef¬
cooling rates (16, 17, 78, 83). fectively. Pickling solution 18 percent sulfuric
acid at 150 to 160 F is recommended. Sodium
Electron beam welding techniques have been de¬ hydride and other high temperature (>700 F)
veloped, particularly for the thinner gauges. The descaling treatments should be avoided (6).
very close fit-ups required to assure satisfactory 4.042 Nitriding. Nitriding at 850 F for 20 hours or
joints are a disadvantage. Other joining methods, 800 F for 44 hours is recommended and will give
including resistance welding, inertia welding, and case hardness of about 66 HRC. Higher tempera¬
brazing have all been explored but are not widely ture gives lower case hardness. Longer times will
used (83). increase case depth but very long times may re¬
4.032 Filler wire. A minimum of 0.35 percent titanium quire a drop in temperature to maintain case
in the filler wire is necessary to prevent objection¬ hardness (77).
able porosity in GMA welds. Titanium in excess of 4.043 This maraging steel can also be surface hardened
by pack aluminizing, siliconizing, or boronizing. CODE 1220
0.70 percent with GMA and about 1.0 percent with
GTA tends to produce a sensitivity to hot cracking The fatigue strength of experimentally coated Page
material, shown in Figure 4.044, was degraded 18 Decker, R. F., International Nickel Company,
Fe relative to that of uncoated material (see Tables Personal Communications with W. F. Brown, Jr.
18 Ni 3.0511, 3.0512, and 3.0513). However, all three (1963).
coated materials had good bend ductility (60° 19 Peterson, W. A., Dean, S- W., Scott, T. E., and
7.5 Co
bend at room temperature without fracturing) DiBari, G. A., "Review of Current Work on
5 Mo and good thermal fatigue resistance. The coat¬ Maraging Steels", ASD-TDR-63-262 (May 1963),
Ti ings consisted of a 1-mil-thick intermetallic zone p 309.
Al plus, for the boron coating only, a 2-mil-thick 20 Troiano, A. K., "Hydrogen in Maraging Steel, Type
interdiffusion zone (99). 18Ni-9Co-5Mo (300 Grade)", 3rd Maraging Steel
4 044 Effects of coatings on rotating beam fatigue be¬ Project Review, ASD Project 7381 (July 1963).
18Ni (250)
havior, Figure 4.044. 21 McDonnell Aircraft Corporation, "Static Fatigue
Maraging Strength of Diffused Nickel Cadmium Plated
VascoMax 250 and VascoMax 300", Report A733,
Serial No. 19 (July 1963) (AD441U1).
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"The Chemical Contouring of 18 Percent Nickel
ASTM A 538-65-Grade B, ASTM Standards, Part 4 Maraging Steel Sheet", D. Mat. Rept. No. 143
(January 1967). (April 1967).
AMS6520A (April 1, 1982). 23 Spitzig, W. A., Talda, P. M., and Wei, R. P.,
VASCO, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, Spec. Nos. MB- "Fatigue Crack Propagation and Fractographic
250 CVM and MS-250 CVM (November 15, 1967). Analysis of 18Ni(250) Maraging Steel Tested in
International Nickel Company, "Summary Data" Argon and Hydrogen Environments", Journal of
(March 30, 1965). Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 1(1968),
U. S- Steel Corporation, "USS Maraging Steel", p 155.
ADUSS 94034 (1964). 24 Wei, R. P. and Landes, J. D., "Correlation Between
VASCO, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, "Vascomax 18 Per¬ Sustained Load and Fatigue Crack Growth in High
cent Nickel Ultrahigh Strength Maraging Steels" Strength Steels", Materials Research and Standards,
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Curtiss-Wright Corporation, "Research on Binary 25 Hoenie, A. F., Lumm, J. A., Shelton, R. J., and
Iron-Nickel Alloys With 20-25 Percent Nickel", Wallace, R. A., "Determination of Mechanical
Contract AF33(6l6)-80l8, Progress Report No. 3 Property Design Values for 18NiCoMo 250 and
(November 30, 1961). 300 Grade Maraging Steels", AFML-TR-65-197
Reisdorf, B. G. and Baker, A. J., "The Kinetics and (July 1965).
Mechanisms of the Strengthening of Maraging 26 International Nickel Company, "Preliminary Data
Steels", AFML-TR-64-390 (January 1965). Sheet" (1962).
DeVries, R. P., "Effect of Processing Factors and 27 Dean, S. W. and Copson, H. R., "Stress Corrosion
Size on the Properties of Commercially Produced Behavior of Maraging Nickel Steels in Natural En¬
18Ni-Co-Mo Maraging Steel", Symposium on vironments", Corrosion, Vol. 21 (March 1965),
Maraging Steels at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base pp 95-103.
(May 14, 1962). 28 Rubin, A., "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Maraging
10 Barton, C. J., Reisdorf, B. G., Sainton Cox, P. H., Steels", Proceedings of the Fourth Maraging Steel
Chilton, J. M., and Oskin, C. E., Jr., "Investigation Project Review (July 1964).
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Steel", AFML-TR-67-34 (March 1967). sion Behavior of High Strength Steels in Marine
11 Hamaker, J. C., Jr., "Effect of Primary Processing Environments", ASM Metals Engineering Quarterly,
on Ultrahigh-Strength Steels", in DM1C Report Vol. 8 (November 1968), pp 31-38.
210 (October 26-28, 1964), p 32. 30 Wacher, G. A., "Stress Corrosion Cracking Studies
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Process Development for High Strength Steels, Alloys in Seawater", U.S. Navy, Marine Engineer¬
Forging Survey 18Ni-Co-Mo Maraging and 9Ni- ing Laboratory, MEL R&D Phase Report 73166
4Co Quench and Temper High Strength Steels", (March 1966).
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Maraging (250) Steel in Relation to Strength and Cracking of High Strength Alloys", Report No.
Toughness", Proceedings of the Third Maraging 0414-02-3 (Quarterly), Contract DA-04-495-
Steel Project Review, RTD-TDR-63-4048 (Novem¬ ORD-3069 (April 1964).
ber 1963), pp 408-437. 33 Wei, R. P., Talda, P. M., and Li, Che-Yu, "Fatigue
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(1963). Steels", Adv. 1868-10M-468 (1968), p 31.
CODE 1220
Page 10
DECEMBER 1987 FERROUS ALLOYS FeUH
Republic Steel Corporation, "Manufacturing Steel Project Review, ASD-TDR 63-262 (Novem¬
Process Development for High Strength Steels", ber 1962), p 47. Fe
Interim Engineering Progress Report IR-8-157 52 Hughes, W., Thiokol Chemical Company, Personal 18 Ni
(VIII) (May 1, 1965—August 1, 1965). Communication with W. F. Brown, Jr. (1962).
Bhat, G. K., "Metallurgical Research in Support
7.5 Co
Spaeder, G. J. and Murphy, W. J., "An Investiga¬ 53
tion of the Effect of Heat Treating Variables of the Construction and Testing of a 10-Foot- 5 Mo
on the Strength and Fracture Toughness of Diameter Prototype Pressure Vessel Using Marag¬ Ti
18Ni-Co-Mo Maraging Steel", U. S. Steel Corpora¬ ing 18 Percent Nickel Steel Plates", AFO Contract Al
tion, Applied Research Laboratory Report 40.002- 4 (611)-8525, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh,
070(8) (December 24, 1963). Pennsylvania (April 22, 1963)-
18N i (250)
38 Puzak, P. P., et al., "Metallurgical Characteristics of 54 Decker, R. F.,Eash, J. T., and Goldman, A. J.,
High Strength Structural Materials", Eleventh "Maraging Nickel Molybdenum Steels", ASM Maraging
Quarterly Report, NRL Report 6513 (August Trans. Quarterly (1962).
1966). 55 Zaperstein, Z. P. and Mixon, W. V., "Evaluation of
39 Curtiss-Wright Corporation, "Research on Binary Maraging Steel for Application to Space Launch
Iron-Nickel Alloys with 20-25 Percent Nickel", Vehicles", NASA Contract NAS 7-214, Douglas
Contract AF33(6l6)-8018, Progress Report No. 4 Report SM 13105 (October 4, 1963).
(February 28, 1962). 56 Zaperstein, Z. P. and Whiteson, B. V., "The Proper¬
40 U. S. Steel Corporation, Applied Research Labora¬ ties of Welded 18NF7Co-5Mo Plate", Engineering
tory, "Unpublished Data", Communication to Paper No. 1696, Douglas Missile and Space Sys¬
R. P. Wei (1969). tems Division (July 1963).
41 Audener, R. E. and Tenner, W. S., "Evaluation of 57 Shimmin, J. P., et al., Republic Steel Corporation,
High Nickel Steel for Application in Large Booster "Manufacturing Process Development for High
Motor Application", ASD Contract AF33(657)- Strength Steels", Interim Engineering Progress
8740, Aerojet-General Corporation, Sacramento, Report IR-8-157(V) (July 1, 1964-October 1,
California, Report 0705-82Q-2 (December 1962). 1964).
42 Zaperstein, Z. P. and Mixon, W. V., "Evaluation of 58 Brown, W. F., Jr. and Srawley, J. E., "Plane Strain
Maraging Steel for Application to Space Launch Crack Toughness Testing of High Strength Metallic
Vehicles", NASA Contract NAS 7-214, Douglas Materials", ASTM STP 410 (1967).
Report SM43105 (July 8, 1963). 59 Crimmins, P. P. and Tenner, W. S., "Informal
43 Crimmins, P. P. and Tenner, W. S., "Informal Monthly Report for the Investigation of Maraging
Monthly Report for the Investigation of Maraging Steels", (July 1, 1963-July 30, 1963), ASD Con¬
Steel Covering the Period (May 1Through May 30, tract AF33(657>8740, Aerojet-General Corpora¬
1963), ASD Contract AF33(657)-8740, Aerojet- tion, Sacramento, California (July 1963).
General Corporation, Sacramento, California 60 Sampson, H. B., "Preliminary Investigation of
(May 1963). 250 and 300 Maraging Steel Sheets (18Ni-Co-Mo)'\
44 Spitzig, W. A., "The Effect of Duplex Aging Treat¬ Maraging Steel Project Review, ASD TDR 63-262
ment on the Mechanical Properties of 18Ni-Co-Mo- (November 1962), p 271.
Ti Maraging Steels", U. S. Steel Corporation, pre¬ 61 Hanna, G. L. and Steigerwald, E. A., "Fracture
print of paper to be published in Trans. ASM Characteristics of Structural Metals", Bureau of
(1969). Naval Weapons Contract No. N600 (19F58831,
45 Srawley, J. E., "Plane Strain Fracture Toughness Final Report ER 5426, TAPCO, Cleveland, Ohio
Tests on Two Inch Thick Maraging Steel Plate at (June 1963).
Various Strength Levels", FRACTURE 1969, 62 Kula, E. B. and Hickey, C. F., Jr., "Evaluation of
Proceedings of the Second International Confer¬ Maraging Steel at U. S. Army Materials Research
ence on Fracture, Brighton (April 1969), Chapman Agency", 3rd Maraging Steel Project Review, ASD
and Hall, Ltd. (1969). Project 7381 (July 1963).
46 Glasgal, B. M., Looby, G. T., and Traymor, M. T., 63 Vanadium Alloy Steel Company, Personal Com¬
Republic Steel Corporation, "Unpublished Data" munication between J. G. Hamaker and S. S.
(1962). Manson (NASA Lewis) (1963).
47 Curtiss-Wright Corporation, "Research on Binary 64 Boeing Company, "Evaluation of Cold Rolled
Iron-Nickel Alloys with 20-25 Percent Nickel", Sheet and Hot Rolled and Forged Bar of the 18,
Contract AF33(616)-8018, Progress Report No. 5 20, and 25 Percent Ni Maraging Steels", Boeing
(May 30, 1962). Document No. D2-35109 (1963) (AD443891).
48 Spaeder, G. J., Brown, R. M., and Murphy, W. J., 65 DMIC, "The Mechanical Properties of Maraging
"The Effect of Hot Rolling Variables on the Frac¬ Steels", DMIC Memorandum Draft (July 22, 1963).
ture Toughness of 18Ni Maraging Steel", Trans. 66 Clark, C. C., International Nickel Company, Per¬
ASM, Vol. 60 (1967), p 418. sonal Communication to W. F. Brown, Jr. (1962).
49 Aggen, G. N., Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Corpora¬ 67 Steigerwald, E. A., TAPCO Group, Thompson-
tion, Persona] Communication with W. F. Ramo-Wooldridge, Inc., Personal Communication
Brown, Jr. (1962). to W. F. Brown, Jr. (September 24, 1962).
50 Aerojet-General Corporation, "Evaluation of High 68 Tuffnell, G. W., Pasquine, D. L-, and Olson, J. H.,
Nickel Maraging Alloy Steels", Contract "An Investigation of the Fatigue Behavior of
AF33(657)-8890, Task No. 738103, Phase I 18 Percent Nickel Maraging Steel", Trans. ASM,
(October 1 through December 31, 1962) Vol. 59 (1966), p 769.
(January 15, 1963) (AD 295680). 69 Cicci, F., "An Investigation of the Statistical
51 Grotke, G. E., "Some Aspects of Weldability of Distribution of Constant Amplitude Fatigue
18 Percent Ni-Co-Mo Maraging Steel", Maraging Endurance for a Maraging Steel", UTIAS Note
No. 73 (July 1964) (AD448046).
CODE 1220
Page 11
FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987
Steels", Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 8, No. 6 (June

ÿ
70 Swanson, S. R., "A Survey of the Fatigue Aspects

of the Application of Ultrahigh Strength Steels", in 1974), pp 661-667.
DMIC Report 210 (October 26-28, 1964), p 136. 88 Gangloff, R. P. and Wei, R. P., "Gaseous Hydrogen
71 Spaeder, G. J. and Murphy, W. J., "Properties of Embrittlement of High Strength Steels", Metal¬
Cold Reduced 300 Grade 18Ni Managing Steel", lurgical Transactions, Vol. 8A, No. 7 (July 1977),
Journal of Materials, Vol. 3, No. 1 (1968), p 116. pp 1043-1053.
72 Campbell, J. E., "Review of Alloys and Fabricating 89 Jonas, O., "Influence of Preloading on the Sus¬
Methods for Tactical Missile Motor Cases", DMIC tained Load Cracking Behavior of Maraging Steels
Memorandum 224 (August 15, 1967). in Hydrogen", Corrosion, Vol. 29, No. 8 (August
Carman, C. M. and Katlin, J. M., "Low Cycle
I 73 1973), pp 299-304.
Fatigue Crack Propagation of High Strength 90 Hardie, D. and Murray, T. I., "The Effect of
Steels", 66-MET-3-ASME (April 1966). Hydrogen Upon the Tensile Ductility of a High
74 Miller, G. A., "The Dependence of Fatigue Crack Strength Maraging Steel", Proceedings of Inter¬
Growth Rate on Stress Intensity Factor and the national Conference on Mechanisms of Environ¬
Mechanical Properties of Some High Strength ment Sensitive Cracking of Materials, University
Steels", Trans. ASM, Vol. 61 (1968). of Surrey, Guildford, England (April 4-7, 1977),
75 Seabrook, J. B., "Working with Managing Steels - pp 459-470.
Nitniding", Metal Progress (July 1963). 91 Jones, W. B. and Swearengen, J. C., "Mechanical
76 Reisdorf, B. G., Birkle, A. J., and Salmon Cox, Stability of Ultrahigh Strength Steels", Materials
P. H., "An Investigation of the Mechanical Proper¬ Science and Engineering, Vol. 41, No. 2 (December
ties and Microstructunes of 18Ni(250) Maraging 1979), pp 225-235.
Steel Weldments", AFML-TR-65-364 (November 92 Adair, A. M, and Roberson, J. A., "The Influence
1965). of Thermomechanical Processing on the Structure
77 Srawley, J. E. and Esgar, J. B., "Investigation of and Properties of Maraging Steel", Air Force Mate¬
Hydrotest Failure of Thiokol Chemical Corpora¬ rials Lab, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, AFML-TR-
tion 260-Inch-Diameter SL-1 Motor Case", NASA 69-222 (January 1970).
TM-1194 (January 1966). 93 Johnson, W, C. and Stein, D. F., "A Study of Grain
78 Sippel, G. R. and Vonnegut, G. L., "Evaluation of Boundary Segregants in Thermally Embrittled
18 Percent Ni-Co-Mo Managing Steel for Heavy and Maraging Steel", Metal Science andHeat Treat¬
Thin Wall Rocket Motor Case Applications", ment, Vol. 15, No. 9-10 (September-October
Allison Division General Motors Corporation, 1973), pp 842-846.
Engineering Department Report No. 3448 94 Spaeder, G. J., "Impact Transition Behavior of
(July 12,1963). High-Purity l8Ni Maraging Steel", Metallurgical
79 Proposed Method of Test for Plane Strain Fracture Transactions, Vol. 1, No. 7 (July 1970), pp 2011-
Toughness of Metallic Materials, ASTM Book of 2014.
Standards, Pt. 31 (1969), p 1099. 95 Prado, M. E. and Cordill, C. A., "Static, Dynamic
80 AMS6512B (July 1, 1985). Toughness, and High Strain Rate Properties of
81 AMS 6501 (October 1, 1984). Maraging 250, HY-180, and HP 9-4-20 Steels",
82 Ghosh, P. C. and Roy, L. C., "Maraging Steel", University of California Lawrence Livermore
Iron and Steel Engineer, Vol. 52, No. 4 (April Laboratory, Livermore, California, UCRL-52017
1975), pp 100-101. (February 11, 1976).
83 Lang, F. H. and Kenyon, N., "Welding in Managing 96 German, R. M. and Smugeresky, J. E., "Ductility
Steels", Welding Research Council, New York, in Hot Isostatically Pressed 250-Grade Maraging
WRC Bulletin No. 159 (February 1971). Steel", Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 9A, No. 3
84 Rack, H. J., "Age Hardening-Grain Size Relation¬ (March 1978), pp 405-412.
ships in 18Ni Maraging Steels", Materials Science 97 German, R. M. and Smugeresky, J. E., "Effect of
and Engineering, Vol. 34, No. 3 (August 1978), Hot Isostatic Pressing Temperature on the Proper¬
pp 263-270. ties of Inert Gas Atomized Maraging Steel",
85 Anon., "Nickel Maraging Steels in the Aerospace Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 2
Industry", International Nickel Company, Inc., (December 1978), pp 223-230.
New York, Trade Literature (1974). 98 Freedman, A. H., "An Accelerated Stress Corro¬
86 Rack, H. J., "The Relationship Between Thermal sion Test for High Strength Ferrous Alloys",
Embrittlement and Hydrogen Cracking in ASTM Journal of Materials, Vol. 5, No. 2 (June
18Ni(250) Maraging Steel", Sandia Labs, 1970), pp 431—466.
Albuquerque, New Mexico, SAND-75-5159 99 Chase, J. J. and Crump, D. N., "A Study and
(1975). Evaluation of the Effects of Various New Surface
87 Gangloff, R. P. and Wei, R. P., "Gaseous Hydrogen Diffusion Treatments", TRW, Inc., Cleveland,
Assisted Crack Growth in 18 Nickel Maraging Ohio, AMSWE-RE 71-50 (August 1971).
0
I
Alloy l8Ni(250) Maraging Alloy 18NK250) Maragin

AMS AMS Fe
Specification Product Form Specification 6512B(») 6520A<a) 6501
6512B Bars, Forgings, Tubing, Rings, Vacuum Percent Percent Percent 18 Ni
Consumable Electrode Melted Element Min Max Min Max Min Max 7.5 Co
6520A Sheet, Strip, Plate, Consumable Nickel 17.00 19.00 17.00 19.00 17.00 19.00
Electrode Melted Cobalt 7.00 8.50 7.00 8.50 7.50 8.50 5 Mo
6501 Welding Wire, Vacuum Melted Molybdenum 4.60 5.20 4.60 5.20 4.60 5.20
Titanium 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.50 0.30 0.50
Ti
Aluminum 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 Al
TABLE 1.031. AMS SPECIFICATIONS Chromium - 0.50 - -- - -
(2, 80, 81) Copper - 0.50 - - -
18Ni (250>
Manganese - 0.10 - 0.10 - 0.10
Silicon - 0.10 - 0.10 - 0.10 Maraging
Carbon - 0.03 - 0.03 - 0.03
Phosphorus - 0.010 - 0.010 - 0.010
Sulfur - 0.010 - 0.010 - 0.010
Zirconium
Boron
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.010
0.003
Oxygen - - - - - 0.0025
Nitrogen - - - - -- 0.0050
Hydrogen - - - - 0.0010
(a) Prior to pouring, up to 0.05 percent calcium, 0.02 percent zirconium,

and 0.003 percent boron shall be added to the air-melted heat;
analyses for these elements need not be made.
TABLE 1.041. COMPOSITION (2, 80, 81)
18Ni(250) Maraging Plate. CVM 18Ni{260) Maraging, Air Melt, Plate

Solution Annealed 1 hr. Indicated Tempera¬ 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + Age
ture, WQ + Aged 3 hr, 900 F
1000
• 900 F
A 850 F
100
I
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Solution Anneal Temperature. F Aging Time, hr
FIGURE 1.055. EFFECT OF SOLUTION ANNEAL TEM- FIGURE 1.063. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE AND
PERATURE ON PRIOR AUSTENITE TIME ON HARDNESS (8)
GRAIN SIZE (84)
Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

2-1/2 to 2-3/4 inch Thick Form Lab Vacuum Melted Plate, L
Form Slabs, Short Transverse 1500 F, 1 hr, AC
Melting Practice Air Melt CVM Condition 1500 F. 1 hi, AC + 900 F, 3 In. AC
Ftu, ksi 275 280 Carbon Content,
Fry- "si 260 268 percent 0.027 0.004 0.027 0.004
e (2 in.), percent 3 10 Ffu.ka 144 137 245 240
RA. percent 25 35 Fty, ksi 107 109 239 230
e (1 in.), percent 17 18 11 13
RA, percent 74 82 53 65
TABLE 1.081. ROOM TEMPERATURE IE Oiarpy V, Mb 78 173 20 39
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
AIR AND VACUUM MELTED
SLAB (9) TABLE 1.082. INFLUENCE OF CARBON CONTENT ON THE
ROOM TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF
LABORATORY VACUUM MELTED PLATE (10)
CODE 1220
Page 13
18Ni(250) Maraging
Fe —
A 0.062 inch Sheet Ind Vacuum. 35 lb
18 Ni Heats, 50 percent CR + 1500 F, 15 min
+ 900 F, 3 hr
7.5 Co —
# 0.20 inch Plate 300 ib Vacuum Ind
Hsats, 15 ton CVM and 20 ton Air
5 Mo Electric Arc Heats, 1500 F, 1 hr, AC +
Ti 900 F, 3 hr
Al
18Ni(250) | ji
Maraging ® b
&
(O
E
5
V)
ÿn
18Ni(250) Maraging. Air Malt, 0.7 inch Plata,

L. 1650 F, 1.5 hr, AC + 1530 F, 1 hr, AC +
Indicated Treatment
2000 F, 1 hr Quench to
ÿ 2100 F. 1 hr Temperature
2200 F, 1hr indicated,
2300 F, 1 hr Hold 4 hr. AC
e (1 in.) 2400 F, 1 hr 100-120 ksi
0.6 0.8 I.O I.2 1.4 E Charpy V

Titanium, percent
FIGURE 1.0921. EFFECT OF TITANIUM CONTENT ON

TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED
AND AGED SHEETS FROM LABORATORY
AND PRODUCTION HEATS (40. 49. SO)
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, 0.7 inch Plate,

I300 I400 1500 I600 I700 1800
L, 1650 F, 1.5 hr, AC + 1530 F, 1.5 hr, AC +
Indicated Treatment Intermediate Annealing Temperature,
Quench to
20 Temperature FIGURE 1.0941. EFFECT OF COMBINED ANNEALING
Shown, Hold TREATMENTS ON IMPACT STRENGTH
4 hr, AC + OF ANNEALED PLATE (10)
900 F, 3 hr
16 = 220-240 ksi
12
a
E
IE Charpy V
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

Intermediate Annealing Temperature, F
FIGURE 1.0942. EFFECT OF COMBINED ANNEALING

TREATMENTS ON IMPACT STRENGTH
OF ANNEALED AND AGED PLATE (10)
CODE 1220
Page 14
Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

Fe
Form Air Melt, 0.7 inch Plate, L
Condition 1650 F, 1.5 hi, AC + 1530 F, 1.5 hi, AC + Indicated Treatment 18 Ni
Additional Heat Ftu, Fty> e (1.4 in.), RA, IE Charpy V, KIC!_ 7.5 Co
Treatment ksi ksi percent percent ft-Ib(a> ksi vin.
5 Mo
None (Mill Annealed)
2300 F, 1hi, AC
148
150
133
115
17
16
70
63
61
75
_ Ti
2300 F, 1hi, AC + 900 F, 246 223 7 24 13 75 Al
3 hi, AC
2300 F, 1hi, Quench to 144 115 9 28 8 46 18Ni (250)
1700 F, Hold 4 hi, AC Maraging
2300 F, 1hr, Quench to 236 232 1.4 1 3.5 32
1700 F, Hold 4 hi, AC +
900 F, 3 hi, AC
2400 F, 1hi, AC 149 108 11 69 81 -
2400 F, 1hi, AC + 900 F, 252 234 2 3 11 60
3 hi, AC
2400 F, 1hr, Quench to 142 110 - - 6 43
1700 F, Hold 4 hi, AC
2400 F, 1hr, Quench to 256 237 1.4 2 5.5 36
1700 F, Hold 4 hr, AC +
900 F, 3 hr, AC
(a) At +80 F.
TABLE 1.0943. EFFECT OF COMBINED ANNEALING TREATMENTS ON STRENGTH

AND CRACK TOUGHNESS OF PLATE (10)
ÿÿir 25
18Ni(250) ManWing 18Ni(250) ManWing
ÿ 20
-c
CO 1 11
I15 r
o
o 10
ÿ 13Ni(250) 1 (25)
ÿ 1 JCO j (4)
20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1000

Transformation, percent Temperature, F
FIGURE 2.013. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (4,25)

FIGURE 2.0122. AUSTENITE TO MARTENSITE
TRANSFORMATION CURVE (8)
CODE 1220
Page 15
Fe
-
18NI 250) Maniging
i
18Ni(250) Maraging
i
18 Ni
7.5 Co 0.30
5 Mo
c
Ti to
Al S 6 "ÿ
0.25
£
o
18Ni(250) m
Maraging
Ulean Coat icient z
1 0.20
From 7i F
•
A (4)
(24)
200 400 600 800 1000

Temperature, F
FIGURE 2.014. THERMAL EXPANSION (4,25) 0.05

400 600 800 1000
Temperature, F
FIGURE 2.015. SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT

PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF
TEMPERATURE (1 ATM) (25)
-8-
18Ni(250) Maraging 0.045 inch Sheet,
Annealed + 925 F. 3 hr
L
r~8 -—
18Ni(250) Maraging 0.16 inch Plate, L
Annealed + 925 F, 3 hr
• Fw
CVM (Ti-0.50 percent)
= 268 ksi
A Air Melt (Ti-0.39 percent)
# CVM (Ti-0.50 percent)
Fty = 249 ksi
A Air Melt (Ti-0.39 percent)
Fty = 234 ksi Ffy = 226 kti
220 220
» 200 •5 200
ae jt
a
"S
N
ISO
ÿAir Data
m
"6
<9
CM
180
ip
ir
*-Air Data
tk
i NF
S
§
$ I60 160 A 4
! |y- 2ao « 0.7
£ P fr2ao <= 0.7
t
#
5
l
t.
1
Q.
< 120
140 fn
hA y ~AV
W= 1.75.
-a
A NF
I120
140
*5 - B -i
V «= 175
4
itilIF
100
T 100
lp
-B- 10 50 100 500 500
I 5
Time to Failure, hr Time to Failure, hr
FIGURE 2-0322. DELAYED FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS FIGURE 2.0323. DELAYED FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS
OF AIR-MELTED AND CVM SHEETS IN OF AIR-MELTED AND CVM PLATES IN
3 PERCENT NaCI SOLUTION AT ROOM 3 PERCENT NaCI SOLUTION AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (36| TEMPERATURE (36)
CODE 1220
Page 16
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, Plate, L

Mill Annealed + 900 F. 3 hr, AC
Fe
18 Ni
B= 10
7.5 Co
6Mf(a/w)
(BBm)1/2 (w-A)3'2 5 Mo
Ti
Al
Section 'A-A 18Ni (250)
Results of Monotonia Loading Tests
Maraging
• W = 5 inches
A W = 3 inches
W = 1 inch
Specimen Did Not
Fail
Cr+~ Specimen Did Not Klscc = 36 5 i'-5
Fail; Crack Growth
Occurred
I00
Time to Failure, hr
FIGURE 2.0324. DELAYED FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-MELTED

PLATE IN SYNTHETIC SEAWATER AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (34)
18Ni(250) Maraging Sheet
—-
Lot A 2400 F, 1 hr, WQ + 900 F, 3 hr
Lot B 2400 F, 1 hr. Hot Quench to 1500 F,
4 hr + 900 F, 3 hr
Compact Tension Coupons —B = 0.10 in.,
W = 1.00 in., a/w = 0.5, LT
Stress Intensity Factor, K, ksi %/im
FIGURE 2.0326. EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CODE 1220

SUSTAINED LOAD FAILURE TIME IN
100 PERCENT RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT Page 17
ROOM TEMPERATURE (86)
16Ni(250) 18Ni(250) Maraging Plate, Lab Vacuum

Fe
— 1700 F, 1hr,Maraging, VIM, Plate (RW)
AC + 900 F, 3 hr, AC Tested - -Melted, 1700 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 FJ3 hr-
18 Ni in Hydrogen Fty = 239ksi, K)c= 110ksiv/in.
Wedge-Opening-Load Specimens, LT
7.5 Co Orientation
5 Mo
Ti ÿApplied = Kth to 90 tei
Al
18Ni (250)
Maraging
so
k
o
9 19.3 psi HZ
ÿ 8.3 psi H2
A 4.1 psi H2_
ÿ 1.7 psi
H2
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 0 40 80
Temperature, F
Stress Intensity Factor, K, ksi Vin.
FIGURE 2.0332. INFLUENCE OF STRESS INTENSITY FIGURE 2.0333. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON

FACTOR K ON THE RATE OF CRACK STAGE II (RATE LIMITED) SUSTAINED
GROWTH UNDER SUSTAINED LOAD IN LOAD CRACK-GROWTH RATE IN HIGH
DRY HYDROGEN AT 1 ATMOSPHERE PURITY HYDROGEN AT SEVERAL
AND ROOM TEMPERATURE (24) PRESSURES (87, 88)
_ 18Ni(250) Maraging, Lab Vacuum Melted

0.185 inch Plate
1700 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr, AC, Tested
Wedge-Opening-Load Specimen, LT
u rienilation 18Ni(250) Maraging, Lab Vacuum Melted
PiVs 2 39 ksi 0.185 inch Plate
yÿii.8 1700 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 F. 3 hr, AC
Wedge-Opening-Load Specimens, LT
•§ 10" FTo Orientation
iV)
JC
19.3 psi Hydrogen
Fty = 239 ksi
C 100
o
5
]l 2
(5
2 M~n £ 80
1.0
23 F
O 10-2 8 *0
£
</>
-49 F ÿD
6 40 •l
r 20
68 f| a.
a
10-3 < 0
-40 0 40 80 120 160
4 6 10 20 40 60 100 -80
Hydrogen Pressure, psi Temperature, F
FIGURE 2.0334. EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN PRESSURE ON FIGURE 2.0335. EFFECTS OF TEMPEFtATURE ON

STAGE II SUSTAINED LOAD CRACK APPARENT THRESHOLD STRESS IN¬
GROWTH RATES AT -49 TO 68 F (88) TENSITY FACTOR FOR SUSTAINED
CODE 1220 LOAD CRACK GROWTH IN HIGH
Page 18 PURITY HYDROGEN (88)
18Ni(250) Maraging Plate, Lab VIM, V-DOX,

V Cast, 1700 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 FJ hr
Fe
F(y = 23S ksi. K|c = 110 ksi Vin. 18 Ni
Preloaded in Argon
7.5 Co
4 5 Mo
Ti
Al
*> 18Ni (250)
ICD
Maraging
C
8
0.30" EDM
Fatigue Starter "
o Crack Notch
ÿs
x
s
l- 18NK260) Maraging Bar
20 40 60 80 I00 Heat A- 1740 F,
F, 1 hr, AC + 985 F, 3 hr
Preload Stress Intensity Factor, K|, ksi -v/TrT. Heat B- 1500 1 hr, AC + 905 F, 3 hr
Specimen Gage Section 0.13 inch Diam by
0.46 inch Long
FIGURE 2.0337. EFFECTS OF STATIC PRELOADING ON
THRESHOLD STRESS INTENSITY Heat A Heat B
FACTOR FOR SUSTAINED LOAD
CRACKING IN DRY HYDROGEN (89)
0
ÿ
A
•• Vacuum
Hydrogen (14.7 psi)
Cathodically Charged
50
£
40
\ fj i
S 30
<
7o 20 • / /
10 A C A
A
18Ni(250) Maraging Bar 0
Solution Anneal 1 hr, AC + 905 F, 3 hr
Specimen Gage Section 0.13 inch Diam by
icrs 10',-2 10" 10° 10'
0.46 inch Long
Strain Rate 0.035/min Strain Rate, min'1
FIGURE 2.0339. EFFECTS OF STRAIN RATE ON TENSILE

REDUCTION IN AREA AT ROOM TEM¬
PERATURE FOR SPECIMENS TESTED IN
VACUUM, IN HYDROGEN. AND IN
VACUUM IMMEDIATELY AFTER
# Vacuum CATHODICALLY CHARGING (90)
ÿ Hydrogen
I200 I400 I600 I800 2000 2200 2400

Solution Anneal Temperature, F
FIGURE 2.03310. EFFECTS OF SOLUTION ANNEAL

TEMPERATURE ON TENSILE
DUCTILITY OF AGED BAR TESTED
IN VACUUM AND IN HYDROGEN
(1 ATMOSPHERE) (90) CODE 1220
Page 19

Fe Condition Anneal 1500 F ± 25, AC + Age 900 F ± 10, 3 to 5 hr, AC
18 Ni Form CVM, Sheet, Strip, and Plate
7.5 Co 0.030 0.046 0.066 0.091 0.126 0.251 0.375
Under Thru Thru Thru Thru Thru to or
5 Mo
Thickness, in. 0.030 0.045 0.065 0.090 0.125 0.250 0.375 Over
Ti Fry, Min, ksi 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255
Al Fty ,Min, ksi 245 245 245 245 245 245 245 245
e, Min, percent
18Ni (250) (0.5 in.) 1.0 2.0 - - - - - -
Maraging (1.0 in.) - - 2.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 - -
(2.0 in. or 4D) - - - 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Note: The original AMS document should be consulted for complete specification details.
TABLE 3.011. AMS SPECIFIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR SHEET, STRIP,

AND PLATE (2)

Fty> Elongation, RA,
Nominal Section Specimen Fm, ksi ksi, percent, percent, Hardness
Thickness, in. Conditionfa) OrientationCb) Min Max Min Min Min Min Max
Up to 0.500 Annealed - - 160 - - - - -
Over 0.500 Annealed —L — - - - - - 321 HB
Under 4.000 Annealed 255 - 250 6 45 48 HRC(C> -
4.000 thru 10.000
Plus Aged
Annealed
T
L
255
245 —
— 250
240
4
5
35
30
48 HRC(c)
48 HRC<C)
-
-
Plus Aged T 245 - 240 3 20 48 HRC*C) -
Note: The original AMS document should be consulted for complete specification details.
(a) Annealing treatment: 1500-1700 F for 1-2 hi, AC

Aging treatment: 900 ± 10 F for 6 hi AC.
(b) Transverse tensile specimens must not be less than 2.50 inch in length. Tensile properties in the longitudinal direction need not be
determined on product tested in the transverse direction.
(c) Product shall not be rejected on the basis of hardness if the tensile requirements are met.
TABLE 3.012. AMS SPECIFIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR BARS, FORGINGS, TUBING, AND RINGS
CODE 1220
Page 20
18Ni(250) Maraging Plate 18Ni(250) Maraging Plate

Austen itized 1700 F and Solution Annealed 300 uttenit zed 171JO r, Scilution ÿ\nneaie<1 Fe
1480 F, Longitudinal 1480 F, Aged 4 hr 900 F, AC 18 Ni
Gage Section 0.25 inch Diam by
0.71 inch Long
Strain Rate 0.24 ipm
280
MC - 7.5 Co
5 Mo
——
260 Ti
MT ,
/
4
At
/
240
3 220
2
!/
/
/
*"cT
CC, 18Ni (250)
Maraging
200
MT = Monotonic Tension
MC = Monotonic Compression 180
CT = Cyclic Tension
CC = Cyclic Compression
160
140
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Plastic Strain, percent Plastic Strain, percent
(a) Solution Annealed (b) Solution Annealed Plus 4-Hour Age
FIGURE 3.0212. MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC STRESS FIGURE 3.0212. MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC STRESS-
STRAIN CURVES (91) STRAIN CURVES (91)
300
_ 1(}Ni(250 ) Mara? ing Pla1e
A Ustenitized 17CK) F, Sc lution Annealsd
1480 F, Aged 8 hr, 900 F, AC
280 ÿ"
' MC
_____ r i— — — r— ir-—i
18Ni<2 50) Maraging, C\!M Bar
1500 F, 30 min, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
260 "mt_
/ 300
/
/ / 'CC
/
240 /
CT 250
/
220
200
f/
£ 200
| 150
180
I00
I60
I40
1 50
I20 0.08 0.10 0.12

O.I 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.02 0.04 0.06
Plastic Strain, percent Strain, in./in.
(c) Solution Annealed Plus 8-Hour Age

FIGURE 3.0213. STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR ANNEALED
AND AGED BAR (6)
FIGURE 3.0212. MONOTONIC AND CYCLIC STRESS-
STRAIN CURVES (91) CODE 1220
Page 21

Fe
Annealed Annealed 1500 F, 1hi
18 Ni Condition 1500 F, 1 hr + Age 900 F, 3 hr
7.5 Co Ftu,ksi 145-165 240-270
5 Mo Fjy, ksi 105-130 230-265
e (2 in.), percent 8-16 4-10
Ti e (1 in.), percent 10-12
Al RA, percent 55-70 30-60
Hardness, HRC 28-35 48-52
18Ni (250)
Maraging TABLE 3.0214. PRODUCERS' TYPICAL RANGE OF
TENSILE PROPERTIES (4, 5, 35)

Condition CVM, Mill Anneal 1500 F + 900 F, 3 hi
Form 0.7 in. Thick Sheet 0.25 in. Thick Plate 7/8-in.-Diam Bar
Direction L T L T L
No. of Testste) 30 30 30 30 30
F|y, ksi
Mean 263 269 253 248 261
Minimum 242 248 246 241 256
Maximum 285 292 262 253 266
Standard Dev 16.0 16.2 4.8 3.0 3.0
F(y, ksi
Mean 257 263 244 238(c) 252
Minimum 232 237 235 232 242
Maximum 282 288 254 244 257
Standard Dev 17.7 18.7 5.7 3.1 3.7
e (2 in.), percent 3.7 3.1(b) 7.4 7.5 9.7
(3.0-4.5) (3.0-5.0) (6.0-9.0) (6.0-8.0) (9.0-10.0)
RA, percent - - - - 46
- - - (43—48)
(a) From three production heats, 10 specimens per heat.

(b) Average of 28 tests.
(c) Average of 29 tests.
TABLE 3.02151. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET, PLATE, AND BAR (25)

Condition 1500 F, 1/2 to 1hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
Form CVM Forged Billets, T
Size 6 in. Square 9 in. Square 12 in. Square
Location MR C MR C MR C
Ftui ksi 260 262 253 252 251 253
Fry, ksi 254 260 248 248 246 248
RA, percent 9 9 8.5 8.0 7.0 8.0
e (4D), percent 47 46 41 36 28 34
TABLE 3.02152. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED

AND AGED BILLETS (16)
CODE 1220
Page 22

Fe
Condition Annealed 1600-1650 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr
Form CVM Forged Billets, T 18 Ni
Size 3 in. Round 4 in. Round 5 in. Round 7-1/2 in. Round 7.5 Co
Ftu, ksi 247 251 248 248
5 Mo
Fjy, ksi 238 243 235 237
RA, percent 33 36 37 34 Ti
e (4D), percent 8 8 6 7 Al
TABLE 3.02153. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED AND 18Ni(250)
FORGED BILLETS (46) Maraging

Form 2-1/2 to 2-3/4 in. Thick Slab, ST
Melting Practice Air Melt CVM
Ffu, ksi 275 280
Fty, ksi 260 268
RA, percent 25 35
e (2 in.), percent 3 10
TABLE 3.02154. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES

OF AIR AND VACUUM MELTED
SLAB (9)

Condition Mill Annealed + Age 925 F, 3 hr
Form Air Melt, Sheet and Plate
Thickness 0.045 in. 0.160 in. 0.375 in. 0.750 in.
Direction L T L T L T L T
Ftu. to 234 247 239 242 240 240 244 237
F,y, ksi 234 246 226 230 233 231 226 227
e (1 in.), percent 1.3 1.8 12 11 18 18 -10 -
e (2 in.), percent - - - - - - 12
RA, percent - - - - - - 38 49
TABLE 3.02155. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET AND PLATE FROM

AN AIR MELTED HEAT (36)

Condition Mill Annealed + Age 925 F, 3 hr
Form CVM, Sheet and Plate
Thickness 0.045 in. 0.160 in. 0.375 in. 0.750 in. 3.0 in.
Direction L T L T L T L T L T ST
Ftu, ksi 268 271 261 263 263 264 248 252 244 242 241
Fty, ksi 268 270 249 251 254 254 225 237 234 231 233
e (1in.), percent
e (2 in.), percent
1.2 1.5 10 10 20 18
12
- -
10
-12 -
9
5
RA, percent - - - - - 54 44 54 40 14
TABLE 3.02156. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET AND PLATE FROM A CVM HEAT (36)
CODE 1220
Page 23
18 Ni
Fe
7.5 Co
"O
C
_
uT2r 140
•u.
160 --- 1 1
--
T
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM Plate
Anneal at Indicated Temperature 1 hr, WQ
I |
5 Mo U
c n>
Ti S c
Al
to
a (O
S3
- 120
E.2 ty
18Ni (250) ~>- 100
5
D
Maraging
c
~° C
m 20
C ID
oa e(4D)
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Annealing Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.02161. INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE

ANNEALING TREATMENT ON TENSILE
PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED CVM
PLATE (84)
i i I l
18N1(250) Maraging, CVM 0.115 inch Sheet,
L. Annealed 1 hr + 900 F, 3 hr
i300
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM Bar

Anneal 30 min, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
£ 260
300 ÿo
220 e (2 in.)
250 300 '»
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

~ 200 250 | Annealing Temperature, F
0)
k»
W
FIGURE 3.02162. EFFECT OF ANNEALING TEMPERA¬
TURE ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES
90 200 > OF ANNEALED AND AGED SHEET (39)
ÿo
c
m t;
c
»S RA
a e
i©
<a 60 I
* t
e.2
—o %<9
30
a uJ
tt e(40)
i- ••-ir
1400 1500 I600 I700 I800
Annealing Temperature. F
FIGURE 3.02163. INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING TEMPERA¬

TURE ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
BAR (6)
CODE 1220
Page 24
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Malt, 1/4 inch

Plate, L, Anneal at Indicated Temperature, Fe
1 hr, AC + Age 18 Ni
- 300
7.5 Co
5 Mo
Ti
Al
= 220 18(M i(250)

850 F, 48 hr
900 F, 3 hr Maraging
260 8
220 c 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM Plate

e 2 in.)
Anneal at Indicated Temperature, 1 hr,
WQ + 900 F, 3 hr
ÿa
c
_
.at
2£
£ÿ
u,
240
1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2 c

fJ 220
FIGURE 3.02164. INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING TEMPERA¬

E.2
TURE ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES
OF PLATE (5, 37)
1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

—ft Annealing Temperature, F
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt ,0.7 inch Plate,
L, 1650 F. 1.5 hr, AC + 1530 F, 1.5 hr, AC +
Anneal at Indicated Temperature 1 hr, AC + FIGURE 3.02165. INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE
900 F, 3 hr, AC ANNEALING TREATMENT ON TENSILE
PROPERTIES OF AGED CVM PLATE (64)
it 280 .
>•
u.
Jb=: £
MM
240
CO
•o
I Annealed in Argon 200 £
I Annealed in Cracked Ammonia
e (1.4 in.)
1500 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

FIGURE 3.02166. INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE

ANNEALING TREATMENT ON TENSILE
PROPERTIES OF AIR MELTED
PLATE (10) CODE 1220
Page 25
Fe 18Ni(250) Maraging, VIM + CVM. 1-inch-

Thick Plate, L, Solution Anneal as Indicated
18 Ni + Age, 900 F
7,5 Co 280
5 Mo jt
Ti 3
Al 260
18Ni(250) 2
CO
Maraging © 240
s
E
220
240 w
Anneal Temperature
1650 F + 1400 F
A 1700 F+ 1400 F
1800 F + 1400 F
320
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM 0.155 inch Sheet
1500 F, 1hr, AC + Age
-c
o
E e (2 in.)
5 10
Aging Time, hr
FIGURE 3.02171. EFFECTS OF SOLUTION ANNEALING

TEMPERATURE AND AGING TIME ON
THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF VIM + Age Time, hr
CVM PLATE (38) 1 3 10
e (2 in.)
850 900 950 I00C

Aging Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.02172. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE

AND TIME ON THE TENSILE PROPER¬
CODE 1220 TIES OF SHEET (39)
Page 26
18Ni(250) Ma raging. Air Melt. Plate, L,

1500 F, 1 hr, AC + Age
Fe
Ftu = 144 •<», Ftv 0 114 kti at Annealed 18 Ni
7.5 Co
280 5 Mo
Ti
240 Al
18Ni (250)
Maraging
240 160
fc
£
M
Test T emp
•
+
900 F
850 F
ÿ 800 F
ÿ 750 F
18Ni(250) Maraging, VIM + CVM Plate

40 — c Mill Anneal 1650 F + Age
20
5 10 50 100
Aging Time, hr
.c
1
FIGURE 3.02173. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE 5 240
ÿ"»
AND TIME ON THE TENSILE PROPER¬ CO
TIES OF AIR MELTED PLATE (40)
$
1220
3
260 jt
>
A 950 F
220 £
• 900 F
ÿ 850 F
T3
C ÿ-
a C
co S
J? a
< 9 40
5 10
Aging Time, hr

TIES OF VIM + CVM PLATE (38)
CODE 1220
Page 27
Fe 18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, 1/2 inch Plate

L, Hot Rolled + Age
18 Ni
280
7.5 Co
5 Mo
Ti
Al f 240 280 _
18N i (250) >-
Maraging
|200 240
£
Age Time, so
hr *D
ÿc
C
<0 c
•
O 8
A 16
4
200
ÿ 24
«
p3c
J? a
®
<
2 c
3-2
e (1 in.)
850 900 950 1000


TIES OF HOT ROLLED AND AGED
PLATE (41)
18Ni(250) Maraging 3/4 inch Plate, L,

1500 F, 1/2 to 1 hr, AC + Age, 3-4 hr
300
~ 260 300 Jt
S >
uT
w>
®
ft
220 260 f
«
E ÿ-»
oo
2
a
180 220 >
O 0.52Ti
# 0.46TI J Vac Degas, Air Melt
tj
c ÿ A 0.<
CO c
80
< a
c
5S — _
40
_
RA
"O
a ui
CC
—
300 850
Be
900 950
>—
(1 in.)
1000
FIGURE 3.02176. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE ON

PLATE FROM THREE HEATS (41-43)
CODE 1220
Page 28
320 I-- 1 1
18NK250I Meraging 1/2 inch Plate. L Fe
18 Ni
3
7.5 Co
r 280
u. 5 Mo
Ti
Al
B 240
18N i (250)
E
£ Msraging
3
200
Air Melt +
Malt 43 Degas (41)
ÿ Hat Rolled +
Age, 4 hr
S
I
< a -
s 1500 F, 30 min
+ Age, 4 hr
_ i
**
U
a> LU
E
a
o
c
* 9 (1 in.)
850 900 950


THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF HOT
ROLLED AND ANNEALED PLATE FROM
TWO HEATS (41,43)
Alloy 18Ni(250) Maiaging

Form 300 lb Lab Vac Melted Heat, 1/2 in. Plate, L
Condition 1500 F, 1hi, AC + Age as Indicated
Ftyi Ftu> e (1 in.), RA, IE Charpy-V,
Aging Treatment ksi ksi percent percent ft-Ib
None (Annealed) 130 150 18 80 119
900 F, 3 hrOO 251 254 12 62 35
900 F, 1-1/2 hi, AC + 900 F, 256 260 12 60 34
1-1/2 hi
900 F, 6 hr 266 270 12 62 31
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 900 F, 3 hr 266 270 12 58 29
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 600 F, 24 hr 255 257 13 61 32
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 600 F,48hi 254 257 13 62 33
700 F, 48 hr 261 264 12 61 30
700 F, 48 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hi 270 277 12 61 23
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 700 F, 48 hr 260 264 13 61 27
800 F, 48 hr 289 290 12 55 23
800 F, 48 lu, AC + 900 F, 3 hi 277 280 11 58 25
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 800 F, 24 hi 271 275 12 56 24
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 800 F, 48 hi 287 290 11 58 23
900 F, 3 hi, AC + 800 F, 72 hi 293 294 11 67 21
(a) Standard aging treatment.
TABLE 3.02178. EFFECT OF DUPLEX AGING TREATMENTS ON THE TENSILE

PROPERTIES OF 300 LB LABORATORY VACUUM MELTED
PLATE (44)
CODE 1220
Page 29
-n
ro
00
REtnglt.an" Xntd_ F««' OJ
Ol CO C
""
U,timata Str9"ÿ' 2
_ rv» po cm o>
(B. to
ÿ in I
o w o
—> —H g —2
<ji o) to m oi O "n
oo ooooooo =J en
to O O O to
-tt-
5 Reduction In Area and

Elongation, percent UWntata Strength,
11 w , ksi
Fÿ
Q
C
a
m
u>
o
ro
d
CD
HHm
XI"n
o™3
Ytsld Strength, Fty, ksi
°<wO
Z
®F
"JJ
"o m >
Reduction In Area and Ultimate Strength, Ftu, ksi r,0
Elongation, percent
ro ro tx h2z
m°o
o tx O) to o U1 o
c o o o
3D
m
O O O
|||
W
s
r 1 o CD
—
°z
-n
s>H
T1
r*c
09 a
— m
m
"o
an
S3 I
• to
ss ii Yield Strength, Fty, ksi
3
35 -ÿ
3 a
'3
do ~i tn
>CO
mn 3 5'
<C>
oo + ® -u
Q
to 20
ÿ"z 2<
00 n °S
5? TJbj
>2*
m
SIS
O
z
i O
a
m
H O
m m
ro CO CM
tn o
8 o o 20
Yield Strength, Fty, Its!
CD
00
18Ni(250) Maraging 0.050 inch Sheet 18Ni(250) Maraging 0.050 inch Sheet Fe
Homogenized 24 hr, 2070 F + Cold Rolled See Figure 3.02152(a) for Fabrication and
+ Solution Annealed 1 hr, 1500 F + Cold Testing Details 18 Ni
Rolled and Aged as Indicated 320
Gage Section 0.18 by 1.00 by 0.05 inch 7.5 Co
for 10 to 70 Percent Reduction end yjf 5 Mo
0.025 inch Thick, 90 Percent Reduction y
Strain Rate 0.02 inch/min Ti

280
320 AI
s
240
*7 18Ni (250)
-JO" Maraging
Z- 280 A At led 1hr/9C 0 F
ÿ Atled 3 hr/9C 0 F
240 %
200 • Ai Rolled
A Agec 1 1 hr/900 F £
ÿ Agec 3 hr/900 F £
ÿB 200 • AsR oiled =>

160
120
5 160 20 40 60 80 I00
Reduction, percent
(b) Ultimate Tensile Strength

120
20 40 60 80 100 FIGURE 3.02181. EFFECTS OF COLD ROLLING AND
Reduction, percent COLO ROLLING PLUS AGING ON
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET (92)
(a) Yield Strength
FIGURE 3.02181. EFFECTS OF COLD ROLLING AND

COLD ROLLING PLUS AGING ON
18Ni(250) Maraging 0.050 inch Sheet

See Figure 3.02152(a) for Fabrication and
Testing Details
12
A Aged 1hi/900 F
ÿ Aged 3hr/900 F
•
«•<
As Rollec
I8
a
c
o
£
O)
c 4
y|
_o
UJ N.
°0 20 40 60 80 I00
Reduction, percent
(c) Elongation
FIGURE 3.02181. EFFECTS OF COLD ROLLING AND

COLD ROLLING PLUS AGING ON
CODE 1220
Page 31
Fe <
18Ni(250) Maraging, JVM, 0.115 ir ch Sheet
Annealed + Hot R oiled 20 Perctant +
18 Ni 900 F , 3 hr
7.5 Co
5 Mo 300
Ti
4 Ftu
Al
18Ni (250) . 260
Maraging
R 220 / ii
300
S t i /
E
i /
4 Fty JC
180 260 >
S
/ c
* e
10
220 2
CD
>
I
1S ÿ
A L
180
ft T
20
10
]s
CD
c
o
V r*
ft
ir~
e (2 in.)
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Rolling Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.02182. EFFECT OF ROLLING TEMPERATURE

ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
ANNEALED, ROLLED, AND AGED
SHEET (47)
CODE 1220
Page 32
320 I -- 1 1
18NH250) Maraging, Lab Air Malt, Plata (L) Fe
Hot Roll + Cooling + Indicated Haat 18 Ni
T reetment
280 7.5 Co
5 Mo
Ti
240 260 1.2 Al
18Ni (250)
Maraging
900 F, 3 hr
280
240 260 5
220
WQ a 11 in.)
AC
A Slow Cool
280
1500 F, 1 hr + 900 F, 3 hr
4
2 2 240 260 &_
£ jj
220 --
1600 F, 1 hr + 900 F, 3 hr
1550 1650 1750 1850 1950 2050

Finishing Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.02183. EFFECT OF HOT ROLLING FINISHING

TEMPERATURE AND COOLING RATE
ON PROPERTIES OF LABORATORY
AIR-INDUCTION-MELTED PLATE AGED
AT 900 F (40, 48)
CODE 1220
Page 33
Fe ÿC
340 --
I 1 1 i
18Ni(250) Maraging. Lab Air Melt, Plate (L)
a Hot Roll + Cooling + Indicated Heat
18 Ni c Treatment
2 a
7.5 Co « . 300
a
5 Mo 3
Ti
|uT
Al 260
18Ni(250) e
Maraging <
=c
i- ®
§
*
e (1 in.)
f 300
850 F, 48 hr
<D 3
uT
|
I 260 280 £
240 ®
<
_
.S £
a>
ISs.
t?
e (1 in.)
1500 F, 1 hr + 850 F, 48 hr
300
&
c
E -35
w'
5 2 260
a ll
280 -s
•
ÿ
WQ
AC
Slow Cool
240 ,®
<
.££
§1
'» Q)
Sa e (1 in.)
1550 1650 1750 1850 1950 2050

FIGURE 3.02184. EFFECT OF HOT ROLLING FINISHING

TEMPERATURE AND COOLING RATE
ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF LABORA¬
TORY AIR-INDUCTION-MELTED PLATE
AGED AT 850 F (40, 48)
CODE 1220
Page 34
18Ni(250) Maraging 3/8 inch Plate, L Fe

1500 F, 1 hr. AC + 900 F. 3 hr, AC
18 Ni
—•
CVM 7.5 Co
300 A AM + Ladle Vacuum Degas —
5 Mo
Ti
Al
280 300 -a
18Ni(250)
Maraging
260 280 £
260
Finishing Temperatures are 500 F
Lower Than the Indicated Rolling
Temperature
18Ni(250) Maraging 1 inch Thick, 5:1 Upset

e (2 in.) Forged Pancakes, 1500 F, 1 hr, AC +
900 F, 3 hr, AC
Steel Radial Tan

CVM (4 Ton, 0.50TI) o
AM + Ladle Vacuum
Degas (70 Ton, 0.49TI) A
1900 2000 2100 2200 AM (85 Ton, 0.49Ti) ÿ
Rolling Temperature, F
280
FIGURE 3.02185. EFFECT OF ROLLING TEMPERATURE
ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
PLATE 157)
280 jc
>
240 ~
e (1 in.)
1700 1800 1900 2000

Forging Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.02186. EFFECT OF FORGING TEMPERATURE

ON TENSILE PROPERTIES OF 5:1 UP¬
SET FORGED PANCAKES (57)
CODE 1220
Page 35

Fe Form Bar
18 Ni Annealed + Aged
7.5 Co Condition Annealed 1500 F, 1500 F, 1/2 hr,
5 Mo 1/2 hi, AC AC + 900 F, 3 hr
Melting Practice Air Melt CVM Air Melt CVM
Ti Fÿ(a), ksi 150 149 283 280
Al
(a) Averages of three tests.
18Ni(250)
TABLE 3.0222. COMPRESSIVE YIELD STRENGTH OF
Maraging
ANNEALED AND AGED BAR (6)

Condition CVM, Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hi
Form 0.07 in. Sheet 0.25 in. Plate 1.5-in.-Diam Bar
Direction L T T L
Fcyte), ksi
Mean 248 239 264 262
Minimum 222 194 252 246
Maximum 265 276 277 267
(a) From three production heats, ten specimens per heat.
TABLE 3.0223. TYPICAL COMPRESSIVE YIELD STRENGTH OF SHEET,

PLATE, AND BAR (25)
r—
18NK250) Maragi ig. Air Melt, Plate, L
1500 F, 1 ir, AC + Age
1
7. 40 1
IE Charpy V
20
Aging Terriperat j re 750 F
18Ni(250) Maraging, 300 lb Lab Vac Melt,
0 40 A 1/2 inch Plate, 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + Age
(See Table 3.02178 for the Various Heat
IE Charpy V T reatments)
38
20 | IE C harpy V
Aging Tarnperature 800 F i » A (A rerage of 4 Tests Each)
a
£ 40 0 E
34
\\ s. ••
i •
-
£ IE Charpy V 30 1 N
c
UJ
S
«
a
20
~
Aging Teniperat ura 850 F
UJ
•
£
E
IE Charpy V
40
>
e
m
c
"J
a
E
26
» •
r*i -•—-•
Aging Teniperature 900 F
20 UJ
a
22
r
1 0 E
18
0.5 I 5 10 50 100 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
Aging Time, hr Yield Strength, F{y, ksi
FIGURE 3.0231. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE AND FIGURE 3.0232. YIELD STRENGTH VERSUS
TIME ON THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF IMPACT PROPERTIES FOR A
AIR MELTED PLATE (40) 300 LB LABORATORY VACUUM
MELTED PLATE (44)
(See Figure 3.02173 for Corresponding Tensile Properties)
CODE 1220
Page 36
-, , |--- 1 [-
18Ni(250) Managing, Air Malt, 1/2 inch Plate 18NK250) Maraging Fe
1500 F, 1hr+ Age, 3 hr 30 -Lab Heats, 1500 F, 1 hr + 900 F,3 hr -
18 Ni
280
c 7.5 Co
v> 5 Mo
I240 T. 20 Ti
» IE Charpy V
e
®
Al
Plate C
200 Surface liJ
18Ni(250)
10 Maraging
Roll Direction
iu
IE Charpy V
13
to
a 0.030 0.040
E 800 850 900 950 1000 0.0I0 0.020
Aging Temperature. F Sulfur, percent
FIGURE 3.0233. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE ON FIGURE 3.0234. EFFECT OF SULFUR CONTENT ON
THE IMPACT ENERGY OF ANNEALED ROOM TEMPERATURE IMPACT
PLATE (51) ENERGY (67)
18Ni(250) Maraging Plate 1SNi(250) Maraging Plate

Austenitized 1 hr, 2400 F + Quench to Austenitized 1 hr, 2400 F + Quench to
Intermediate Anneal Temperature, 1600 F, WQ
2 hr, WQ Charpy V-Notch Specimens
Charpy V-Notch Specimens
100 60
»
i 50
a
£
; 60
ui
80
\
/ £ 40
>
w
a
C
Ul
30
\
\
\
13 40 13
/
tn
to
a a 20
E I
20 N 10
1400 1600 1800 2000 40 80 I20 160 200 240 280

Intermediate Anneal Temperature, F Annealing Time at 1600 F, min
FIGURE 3.0235. IMPACT ENERGY VARIATION WITH FIGURE 3.0236. IMPACT ENERGY VARIATION WITH
INTERMEDIATE ANNEALING TEMPER¬ ANNEALING TIME AT 1600 F AFTER
ATURE AFTER HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT TREAT¬
HEAT TREATMENT AT 2400 F (93) MENT AT 2400 F (93)
CODE 1220
Page 37
Alloy 18Ni(250) Maragjng

Fe Condition CVM, Mill Annealed 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hi
18 Ni Form 0.07 in. Sheet 0.25 in. Plate 7/8-in.-Diam Bar
7.5 Co Direction L T T L
5 Mo
FSUG»), ksi
Mean 158 160 159 163
Ti Minimum 144 149 151 157
At Maximum 177 176 176 171
18N i (250) (®) From l*11®6 production heats, 10 specimens pet heat.
Mara9in9 TABLE 3.0251. TYPICAL ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF

SHEET, PLATE, AND BAR (25)
AUoy 18Ni(250) Maragjng

Condition CVM, Mill Annealed 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr
e/D 1.5 2.0
FormU) 0.07 in. Sheet 0.25 in. Plate 0.07 in. Sheet 0.25 in. Hate
Direction L T T L T T
Fbruÿ>
Mean 350(c) 352 357 472 480 460
Minimum - - 341 430 446 439
Maximum
FbryCO.ksi
- - 376 519 528 494
Mean 319(c) 323 339 387 390 378

Minimum - - 320 342 326 335
Maximum - - 367 451 471 447
(a) 0.07 inch sheet tested in full thickness; 0.25 inch plate tested in 0.1 inch thickness.
(b) From three production heats, 10 specimens per heat except as noted.
(c) For 10 specimens from a single heat.
1.25' e D e/D
0.375 0.25 1.5
0.50 0.25 2.0
0.25 0.75"
Diameter
D (Diameter) 0.50" Diameter
TABLE 3.0261. TYPICAL BEARING STRENGTHS OF SHEET AND PLATE (25)
CODE 1220
Page 38
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.115 inch Sheet
Mill Anneal 1500 F + 900 F, 3 hr, 1500 F, 1 hr. AC + Age, 900 F
Exposure Time 1000 hr
700 7.5 Co
600 Ftv, L and T
18N i (250)
~n 500 400 ™ Fatigue Center
Crack Heat - -0.75 Maraging
o Treat After
Cracking
a 400 300 B
ÿ*. 240
Crack Strength
300
£ 200
200
600 800 4 6 8 10
Exposure Temperature, F Aging Time, hr
FIGURE 3.0262. EFFECT OF 1000 HOUR ELEVATED TEM¬ FIGURE 3.02711. EFFECT OF AGING TIME ON CRACK
PERATURE EXPOSURE ON THE BEARING STRENGTH OF 250 KSI ANNEALED
STRENGTH OF SHEET (25) SHEET (39)
340
18Ni(250) Maraging 0.5 inch Plate
Hot Rolled + Age 3 hr
Heat B
HeatC
Heat A
Crack
Heat Strength Shear
A, CVM
B, CVM
C, Air
-C
Crack Strength CO
i
Edge Fatigue jr
Crack
Heat Treat O
After Cracking
Shear
800 850 900 950 I000


CRACK STRENGTH OF AIR AND CVM CODE 1220
PLATE (52)
Page 39
FeUH FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED; DECEMBER 1987
360 i <
Fe 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.115 inch Sheet
CR + 900 F, 3 hr
18 Ni
7.5 Co
5 Mo i320
Ti
Al
<s> 280
18NK250) |
Maraging >
Center Fatigue Crack

Heat Treat After
Cracking
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, Plate

Hot Rolled + 915 F, 4 hr
140
t, in. Fty, ksi
0.415 251
0.547 267
Notch 0.665 260
L T 100 -Strength
ÿ A Crack L
Strength
20 40 60
Cold Reduction, percent a
c
60
FIGURE 3.02713. EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING PRIOR TO

AGING ON CRACK STRENGTH OF
SHEET (47)
20
»
i
2oÿm
Q w/3 w ° 16t '
T I\
Notch Radius = 0.001
Aged After Notching
„ I00
Fracture Appearance
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Thickness (t), in.
FIGURE 3.03714. EFFECT OF THICKNESS ON THE

SHARP NOTCH PROPERTIES OF AIR
MELTED PLATE (53)
CODE 1220
Page 40

Condition Mill Annealed + 925 F, 3 hr
Fe
Melting Practice Air Melt CVM 18 Ni
Thickness 0.045 in. 0.16 in. 0.045 in. 0.16 in. 7.5 Co
5 Mo
Fjy, ksi 234 246 226 230 268 270 249 251
Crack Strength, ksi 173 167 167 162 159 164 177 160 Ti
Al
TABLE 3.02715. EFFECT OF THICKNESS ON CRACK STRENGTH OF
AIR MELTED AND CVM SHEET (36) 18Ni(250)
Maraging
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, 3/4 inch Plate 18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, 3/4 inch Plate
1500 F, 1 hr, AC ÿ Age 900 F 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr, AC
280 Surface Fatigue Crack, Heat Treat % w = 4 in. I| i ) Surface

Before Cracking, Wedge Grips A6wc3in. \w J ) Creek Heat Treat
|f | Before Cracking
2a0
300
240
-H H28 260
i •—•-1b
200 11/16-
c 220
Crack Strength -
CO
1Vkj ack Stre igth
1
3 hr Age 180
266 ksi
274 ksi
140
140 L T Ni
•
12 hr Age
O L 276 ksi 0.46TI Fw = 260 ksi
AT 264 ksi A A 0.40Ti Fty = 255 ksi
1 1 1 1
100 100
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Crack Length, 2a0, in. Crack Length, 2a0, in.
FIGURE 3.02716. EFFECT OF SURFACE CRACK LENGTH FIGURE 3.02717. EFFECT OF SURFACE CRACK LENGTH
ON THE CRACK STRENGTH OF AIR ON CRACK STRENGTH OF PLATE
MELTED PLATE AGED AT TWO FROM TWO AIR MELTED HEATS (42)
TEMPERATURES (55)
CODE 1220
Page 41
Fe Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

Form CVM, Iinch Plate, LT
18 Ni Condition Mill Anneal + 900 F, 3 hr
7.5 Co Fty.ksi 259
5 Mo K[g (Mean), ksi Vin. 68.4(a)
Standard Deviation
Ti a, ksi -Jm. 3.51
A! a/Mean K]c 0.0515
18Ni{250) (a) 23 tests.

Maraging
TABLE 3.02721. PLANE STRAIN FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS OF CVM PLATE (58)
18N i(250) Maraging, CVM. 1.8-inch Thick

Plate, LT, Annealed 1500 F, AC + Age, 6 hr
(See Figure 3.021427 for Tensile Properties)
(At ÿppjh-
>41 _
3.60"| « '
3.00" Rolling
"
Direction '
A Type A Specimens
•
. Type B Specimens .
Tests in Accordance With ASTM
Proposed Standard (81)
"55
-X
o
i"
800 900 I000


PLANE STRAIN CRACK TOUGHNESS
OF 1.8 INCH CVM PLATE (45)

Air Melt + Vacuum Degas,
Form 1/2 inch Plate
1500 F, 1/2 hr, AC + 900 F, 4 hr(a)
Condition
Direction LT
-
(Fjy 258 ksi, L and 265 ksi, T)
TL LS TS
Kic0>), ksi Vin. 74 81 81 84
(a) All specimens heat treated before cracking.

(b) Preciacked bend specimens.
TABLE 3.02723. PLANE STRAIN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS

OF AIR MELTED AND VACUUM
DEGASSED PLATE (59)
CODE 1220
Page 42
Alloy 18Ni(250) Maxaging

Fe
Lab Air Melt (300 lb Heat),
Form 1 inch Plate _ 18 Ni
1500 F, 1 hi, AC + 900 F, 3 hr 7.5 Co
Condition 5 Mo
Directionÿ) LT TL LS ST
K|c, ksi x/STW 85 83 96 68 Ti
Al
18Ni(250)
t= 0.14 inch Maraging
Fatigue cracked single edge notch specimen.
Heat treat before cracking.
(a) Kjc from displacement gage pop-in load,

(b) First letter indicates direction normal to crack and second
letter direction of propagation. R in rolling direction,
W perpendicular to rolling direction, and T in thickness
direction.
TABLE 3.02724. PLANE STRAIN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FOR

ANNEALED AND AGED LABORATORY AIR
MELT PLATE (15)
lOO
18NH250) Maraging, Lab Air Melt, Plate,
LT, Hot Roll + Cooling + Indicated Heat
Treatment
850 F, 48 hr WQ
AC
ÿ Slow Cool 18N (250) Mareg ng. Air Malt, Bar
s 40
1503 F, 30 min, 4C + 900 F, 3 hr
___
300
- 1500 F, 1 hr + 850 F, 48 hr
_
-------
.600 F
200 ÿw=800 F
0-2'Ti .. 900 F
950 F
1000 F
100
1600 F, 1 hr + 850 F, 48 hr Ten. ;ion
1550 1650 1750 1850 1950 2050 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016
Strain, in./in.
FIGURE 3.02725. EFFECT OF FINISHING TEMPERATURE FIGURE 3.031 1. STRESS-STRAIN CURVES AT ROOM AND
FOR HOT ROLLING AND COOLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURES FOR AIR
RATE ON PLANE STRAIN CRACK MELTED, ANNEALED, AND AGED
TOUGHNESS OF LABORATORY AIR BAR (6)
INDUCTION MELTED PLATE (SEE CODE 1220
FIGURE 3.02184 FOR TENSILE Page 43
PROPERTIES) (40. 48)
_--
Fe 113Ni(250) Ma -aging CVM B ar 16Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, Mill Anneal
1500 F, 30 min, AC + 900 F, 3 hr 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr, Exposure
18 Ni Time 1/2 hr
7.5 Co
5 Mo
300
Ti
300 F
Al RT
600 F 600 F
----
,
18N i(250) 800 F
BOO F
Maraging 200 —=900 F
950 F
1000 F 1000 F
I00
Tension
Tensi On
0.004 0.008 0.0I2 0.016 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014
Strain, in./in. Strain, inVin.
FIGURE 3.0312. STRESS-STRAIN CURVES AT ROOM AND FIGURE 3.0313. TYPICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES FOR CVM TENSION AT CRYOGENIC, ROOM. AND
BAR <61 ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (251
340
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM 0.07 inch Sheet
Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr,
Exposure Time 1/2 hr
300 340
'5 18Ni(250) Maraging. CVM. 0.06 to 0.07 inch
!260 300 Sheet
k
Ftu O Heat A, 0.42Ti, 1 hr + Age <60)
220 260
' • Heat B, 0.39Ti, 1500 F, 1hr, AC + Age (61)
JL\
£ # 1 in. Gage Length
55 O 2 in. Gage Length
© 300
© 180 220 £ S
c
£ £ £
i «/>
\
V)
D 260 300
140 180 1 1
100
•
O l
I Ftv
140
> E
=> 220 260 \
U.
> J
4 J
J
10 5 too £ 180 220 I
S
a 55
c o (2 in .)
o 180 ®
8- n
t
k
—J i
Y
>-
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
Test Temperature, F Test Temperature. F
FIGURE 3.0314. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON FIGURE 3.0315. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON
THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF TWO
SHEET (25) HEATS OF CVM SHEET (60, 61)
CODE 1220
Page 44
18Ni(2S0) Maraging 0.077 inch Sheet Fe

1500 F, 1 hr, AC + Cold Rolled 50 Percent
+ 900 F, 3 hr 18 Ni
500 7.5 Co
•
OT
L 5 Mo
Ti
- 400
Ft"
Al
18N i (250)
300 500
Maraging
200 400
8s
*0 300 v>
•a
i
200
a •
c
a
S 4 • 8 (1 in.)
c
D
Ul
JL-9- D C
e (2 ir«.)
-500 -250 0 250 500 750

Test Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.0316. INFLUENCE OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON

TENSILE PROPERTIES OF COLD ROLLED
AND AGED SHEET (65)
18Ni<250) Maraging, CVM, 0.25 inch Plate

Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr.
300
jt
260 300
3
u.
Ftu
6 220 260
C >.
s 220 f
E I
Fty W
140 180 1
8 15
S
/
•
OT
L
140
~
_o
lli
10
-200
*— -f,
CT™
0
- --L/
200 400 600
i
- J\
800 1000
Test Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.0317. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON

THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
CODE 1220
Page 45
400
Fe 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 1/2 inch Plata
(Cross Rolled), 1500 F, 1 hr, AC +
18 Ni 900 F, 3 hr
7.5 Co - 360
5 Mo
Ti 5 320
Al
18Ni (250) I
280
Maraging §
320
a (1 in.)
-300 -200 -I00

Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.0318. EFFECT OF CRYOGENIC TEMPERA¬

TURES ON THE TENSILE PROPERTIES
OF PLATE AT TWO TITANIUM
LEVELS (63) 18Ni(250) Maraging Bar
1500 F. 30 min, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
• CVM Heat A
A AirMeit
(6)
I 161
300
ÿ CVM Heat B )
'
• 260
w 220 260 *
M
180 2
e (1 in.)
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Test Temperature, F

AND AGED BAR (6,61)
CODE 1220
Page 46
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 7/8-inch-Oiam Fe

Bar, L, Mill Annaal 1500 F + Age 900 F,
3 hr. Exposure Time 1/2 hr 18 Ni
300
7.5 Co
5 Mo
.260 Ti
Al
260 5
18Ni(250)
Maraging
-200 200 400 600 800 1000

Test Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.031 10. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON

THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF BAR (25)

1500 F, 30 min, AC + 900 F, 3 hr, AC
320
5 240 320
_
160 240
80 160
Holding Time
# 30 min 80
A 200 hr
100
3
<a
w
RA
50
e(4D)
e ui
200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Test Temperature, F

CVM BAR AFTER HOLDING
30 MINUTES AND 200 HOURS AT
TEST TEMPERATURE (64)
CODE 1220
Page 47

Fe
Form CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet
18 Ni Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age, 900 F, 3 hr
7.5 Co Condition (RT: F(u = 264 ksi, F(y = 259 ksi, L; Ftu = 269 ksi, F{y = 265 ksi, T)
5 Mo 1000 hour
Exposure Temp 600 F 800 F 1000 F
Ti Test Temp RT 600 F RT 800 F RT 1000 F
Al Direction T T L T L T T T
Fÿ.ksi 285 243 277 287 218 227 187 130
18N i(250) Fjy, ksi 281 234 271 281 198 207 176 97
Maraging e (2 in.), percent 3 3 3 3 5 5 8 12
TABLE 3.03112. EFFECT OF 1000 HOUR ELEVATED TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE ON

THE TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND TEST TEMPERATURE (25)
280
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, Mill Ar neal 18NH250) Maraging, CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet
1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr. Expos j re Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr
Time 1/2 hr
240 HI Exposure Time L T
1n u. M n
280
300 F 1000 hr A t
200 MH1
800 F
240
•
-=
N
t
160
J
jt
1000 F c
81"
©
£
200
to
Z 120
w 2
m
Fcy
\l
> k
160 7
80
Compr ession &
E
o 120
40 o
80
0 0.002 0.004 0006 0.008 0.010 0.012 200 400 600 800 1000
Strain, in./in. Test Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.0321. TYPICAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES FOR FIGURE 3.0322. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON
COMPRESSION AT ROOM AND ELE¬ THE COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF
VATED TEMPERATURES (25) SHEET (25)
CODE 1220
Page 48
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.25 inch Plate, 18NH250) Maraging, CVM, 1.5-inch-Diam Bar, Fe
T, Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr, L, Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr.
Exposure Time 1/2 hr Exposure Time 1/2 hr 18 Ni
300 300 7.5 Co
5 Mo
Ti
1 260 6 260 Al
c
18Ni(250)
2 220 - 220
Fcv
Maraging
Fcy
a 180
180 E
E o
o o
o
140 140
200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
Test Temperature, F Test Temperature, F
THE COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF THE COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES
PLATE (25) OF BAR (25)

Condition Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr
1000 hour (RT
Exposure Temp Reference) 600 F 800 F 1000 F
Fey, ksi 255 243 259 254 252 162
TABLE 3.0325. EFFECT OF 1000 HOUR ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

EXPOSURE ON THE COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF
SHEET AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (25)
CODE 1220
Page 49
18Ni{250) Maraging Plate

Fe 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
18 Ni
7.5 Co
L
•
A
T
0
J 1/2 in.
Melt
Air
CVM
Fty L
230 ksi
_
___
T
(66)
5 Mo W J Air __
r 5/8 in. CVM _
il
Ti 252 ksi
A 5/8 in. CVM 274 ksi (66)
Al ÿ o 1/2 in. Air + Vac Degas 259 ksi 267 ksi
ÿ V 3/4 in. Air 243 ksi 244 ksi (8)
18Ni(250)
Maraging
IE Charpy-V
Test Temperature, F
FIGURE 3.0331. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON IMPACT ENERGY

OF PLATE FROM SEVERAL HEATS (8, 66)
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 1/2 inch Plate 18Ni(250) Maraging

(Cross Rolled), 1500 F, 1hr + 900 F, 3 hr 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
• 245 ksi I
O 260 ksi J Plate Surface —O
•
1/2 in. Sq I oar
5/8 in. Diam I
_ Melt
Air
CVM
Fty
-
A 1-1/2 x 5 in. Forge CVM 268 ksi
A 5 in. Sq Billet CVM 248 ksi
IE Charpy-V
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 I00 -4O0 -300 -200

_ I_
-IOO
IE Charpy-V
0 (00
FIGURE 3.0332. EFFECT OF LOW TEST TEMPERATURE FIGURE 3.0333. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON
ON IMPACT ENERGY OF ANNEALED IMPACT ENERGY OF BAR AND FORGING
AND AGED PLATE (63) FROM SEVERAL HEATS (66)
CODE 1220
Page 50
PRINTED; DECEMBER 1987 FERROUS ALLOYS FeUH
18NH250) Maraging Bar Fe

1500 F, 30 min, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
18 Ni
7.5 Co
• CVM
Air Melt
5 Mo
Ti
Al
18N i(250)
Maraging
IE Charpy-V
-400 0 400 800 1200 I600

Tast Temperature, F

THE IMPACT ENERGY OF ANNEALED
AND AGED BAR (61
18Ni(250) Maraging Bar, Billet, and Plate

Anneal 1500/1550 F + 900 F, 3 hr
L T Form Melt Ftu Ref
ÿ 7/8 in. Diam Bar CVM 256 (25)
ÿ 5 in. Sq Billet CVM 250
40 ÿ 1-1/2 x 5 in. Billet CVM 268 (46)
T 5/8 in. Plate CVM 252
V 5/8 in. Plate CVM 268
D 3/4 in. Plate Air 255 256 • (8)
O 3/4 in. Plate Air 244 244
IE Charpy-V
-400 -200 200 400 600 800

Test Temperature, F

THE IMPACT ENERGY OF BAR, BILLET,
AND PLATE FROM SEVERAL
HEATS 18, 25, 46)
CODE 1220
Page 51

Fe
Form Cast
18 Ni Condition 2100 F, 4 hi, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
7.5 Co Thickness, in. 1 2 3
5 Mo Fty, ksi 230 250 230 250 230 250
Charpy-V. ftJb
Ti RT 13 17 10 16 10 16
Al -40 F 12 17 8 14 8 10
18l\li(250) TABLE 3.0336. IMPACT ENERGY OF CASTINGS AT ROOM

Maraging AND LOW TEMPERATURES (66)
18Ni(250) Maraging, VIM + CVM, 1-inch- 1BNi(250) Maraging, VIM + CVM, 1-inch-
Thiek Plate Thick Plate
Solution Anneal as Indicated + Age 900 F Mill Anneal 1650 F + Age
40
•
O T
L
40
-
-°•- — IE C Sharpy V IE Charpy V
20
<5\ 20
Annealing Temp Aging Temperature 850 F
Q. 1650 F + 1400 F
E
~ 0 40 - 0
IE Clharpy V
IE Charpy V
20 c 20 c
UJ
J
J 1700 F + 1400 F C Aging Temperature 900 F
a
Z 40 Z 40
>
e IE C lharpy V
?
e>
c IE Charpy V
UJ
20 20
t;
1800 F+ 1400 F B
a a Aging Temperature 950 F
E E
0I
0.5 5 10 50 5 10
Aging Time, hr Aging Time, hr
FIGURE 3.0337. EFFECTS OF SOLUTION ANNEALING FIGURE 3.0338. EFFECT OF AGING TEMPERATURE AND
TEMPERATURE AND AGING TIME ON TIME ON THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF
THE IMPACT PROPERTIES OF VIM + VIM + CVM PLATE AT +30 F (38)
CVM PLATE AT +30 F (38! (SEE FIG¬
URE 3.02171 FOR ROOM TEMPERATURE
TENSILE PROPERTIES)
CODE 1220
Page 52
18NH250) Maraging 1 inch Plate, VIM 18Ni(250) Maraging 1 inch Plate, VIM Fe
300-lb VIM Laboratory Heats, Solution 300-ib VIM Laboratory Haats, Solution
Annealed 1650 F, WQ + Resolution Annealed Annealed 1650 F, WQ + Resolution Annealed Ni
1525 F, WQ + Aged 1 hr, 900 F 1525 F, WQ + Aged 0.5-15 hr, 900 F
Charpy V-Noteh Specimens Charpy V-Notch Specimens Co
Mo
Ti
Al
18Ni (250)
High PurL, Managing
0.0015 S 0.002 C
£ <0.02 Mn
£ 0.0003 P
0.0008 S
U1 Normal Purity UJ
C 0.022 C Normal Purity
a
a 0.045 Mn - ts 0.022 C
E 0.002 P 0.050 Mn
S 0.003 P
0.007 S
-400 -200 0 200 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
Temperature, F Yield Strength, ksi
FIGURE 3.03391. EFFECTS OF PURITY AND TEMPERA¬ FIGURE 3.03392. EFFECT OF PURITY ON THE RELA¬
TURE ON THE IMPACT ENERGY OF TION BETWEEN IMPACT ENERGY AND
ANNEALED AND AGED PLATE (94) YIELD STRENGTH AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (94)
l -
18Ni( 250) Marajling, CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.25 inch Plate, T,
Mil Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 1 hr Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr,
Fsu L
Ex posure Tinle L T
1/2 hr
1000 hr •
ÿ
0
&
80
200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
THE SHEAR ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF THE SHEAR ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF
SHEET (25) PLATE (25)
CODE 1220
Page 53
Fe 18Ni|250) Maraging, CVM, 7/8-inch-Diem

18 Ni Bar, L, Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F,
3 hr, Exposure Time 1/2 hr
7.5 Co 220
5 Mo 3
u.
Ti
Al 180
2 ÿsu
18Ni(250) v>
Maraging I40
X
3 I00
200 400 600 800 1000
Test Temperature, F

THE SHEAR ULTIMATE STRENGTH
OF BAR (25)

Condition Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr
1000 hour (RT
Exposure Temp Reference) 600 F 800 F 1000 F
Fsu,ksi 155 158 169 175 170 121
TABLE 3.0354. EFFECT OF 1000 HOUR ELEVATED TEMPERA¬

TURE EXPOSURE ON THE SHEAR ULTIMATE
STRENGTH OF SHEET AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (25)
CODE 1220
Page 54
18Ni(250| Maraging. CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet

Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr,
Fe
Exposure Time 1/2 hr 18 Ni
480
7.5 Co
5 Mo
480 440 Ti
i F bru Al
->
440 400 18Ni (250)
400
* 360 _ Maraging
m
-
in
u
ÿ
360
" Fbru
320
O
?
£
320 280
ÿc
f
C
o
\ v\\
Fbry 1 W
280 240
\
\11
240 200
e/D L T
2.0 ÿ A
200
1.5
• 0
I60
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.25 inch Plate,

160 T, Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr,
0 200 400 600 800 I000
Test Temperature, F 480

THE BEARING STRENGTH OF 480 440
SHEET (25)
Fbru —
440 400
400
Fbry ~
360 _
to
X
j- 360 320 °a
in Fbru
D
320 280 f&

— Fbry c
<D
k-
E 280 240 55
240 200
e/D T
200 1.5
2.0 •
ÿ
160
160
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Test Temperature, F

THE BEARING STRENGTH OF
PLATE (25)
CODE 1220
Page 55
8 I i i
Fe 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet
18 Ni Mill Anneal 1500 F + 900 F, 3 hr,
Exposure Time 1000 hr
7.5 Co 500
5 Mo
Ti
Al 400
18NI{250)
Maraging 300
200 ~
I00
600 800 I000

Test Temperature, F

THE BEARING STRENGTH OF SHEET
AFTER HOLDING 1000 HOURS AT TEST
TEMPERATURE (251

Form 0.063 inch Sheet
Condition 1500 F, 15 min +900 F, 3 hr
Test Temp Room Temperature -320 F
Melting Practice Air Melt CVM Air Melt CVM
Fÿ, ksi 267 278 273 - 336 348 333 339
Fjy, ksi 262 273 267 - 322 336 322 334
e (1 in.), percent 4 3 3.5 - 3 1.5 - -
Sharp Notch
Strength(a), ksi 250 247 257 250 229 238 234 225
(a) Notch tensile specimens, 1 inch wide, with 60° edge notches, notch
radii ÿ» 0.0006 inch.
TABLE 3.03711. ROOM AND LOW TEMPERATURE SMOOTH AND

SHARP NOTCH TENSILE PROPERTIES OF
ANNEALED AND AGED SHEET (6)
CODE 1220
Page 56
18Ni(260) Maraging, CVM, 0.080 inch Sheet 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.06 to 0.07 inch
1500 F, 1 hr-r 900 F, 3 hr Sheet
1500 F 1 hr. AC + 900 F. 3 hr 18
Fatigue Center Crack
Heat Treat Before
Cracking
0.05 in./in./min Fatigue Center Crack, Heat

Treat Before Cracking
Strain Rate,
in./in./min 18Ni(250)
O 05
• 0.05
A 0.005
Crack Strength Maraging
c
a
Crack Strength
V>
Crack Strength
200 400 600 800 1000 0 I00 200 300 400

FIGURE 3.03712. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE AND FIGURE 3.03713. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON
STRAIN RATE ON CRACK STRENGTH CRACK STRENGTH OF CVM SHEET (61)
OF ANNEALED AND AGED SHEET (691
18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet

and 0.25 inch Plate
Mill Anneal + Age 900 F, 3 hr. Exposure
Time 1/2 hr
L T
0.07 in. Sheet # O
0.25 in. Plate A
0.07 in. Sheet

0.25 in. Plate
= 180 Crack Strength
Fracture Appearance
Percent Shear
--i.o-TI
( 11' 1
J
-200 200 400 600 1000
Test Temperature, F

CRACK STRENGTH OF CVM SHEET
AND PLATE (25)
CODE 1220
Page 57
AUoy 18Ni(250) Maraging

Fe
Form CVM, 1-1/2-inch Diameter Bar, L
18 Ni Condition MSI Anneal + 900 F, 3 hi
7.5 Co Test Temperature -100 F RT 600 F 800 F
5 Mo FtyCa), ksi 282 256 223 204
Crack Strength, ksi 200 227 202 184
Ti
Al (a) 7/8-inch diameter bar data. 80°
-0.7D
18Ni (250)
Maraging D= 1.5
Notch-Fatigue Cracked
TABLE 3.03715. EFFECT OF TEST TEMPERATURE ON

CRACK STRENGTH OF CVM BAR (25)

Form CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet (T)
Condition Mill Anneal 1500 F + Age 900 F, 3 hr (Frv = 265 ksi)
Temperature 600 FOU 800 F«)
Time, hr
Stress, ksi 10 100 1000 10 100 1000
0.05 Percent Creep 205 (195)0>) - 115 - -
0.10 Percent Creep 215 205 (195) 130 (105) -
0.50 Percent Creep 233 230 - 165 140 (110)
1.0 Percent Creep 236 233 (225) 175 ISO 115
(a) See Figure 3.0314 for tensile properties at these temperatures.

(b) Values in parentheses extrapolated.
TABLE 3.041. CREEP PROPERTIES OF 0.07-INCH-THICK CVM SHEET AT

600 AND 800 F (25)

Form Air Melt + Vacuum Degas, 1/2 inch Plate (T)
Condition Mill Anneal + 900 F, 3 hr (Ftu = 274 ksi)
Stress Stress Fatigue Lifei3)
Ratio Stress Amplitude, Cycles
Method A R Concentration ksi Medium Minimum Maximum
Rotating ao -1 Kt=l 120 2.8 x 105 7.5 xlO4 2.4 x 10$
Beam Smooth 115 6.5 x 105 1.2 x 10S 8.1 x 106
110 2.5 x 106 1.3 x 10S 1.2 x 107
105 9.2 x 10$ 3.2 x 105 2.4 x 10?
102 1.1 x 10? 2.5 x 105 2.6 x 107
(a) Forty-eight tests at each stress. Medium represent 50 percent survival.
TABLE 3.051 1. SMOOTH FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AIR MELTED AND VACUUM

CODE 1220 DEGASSED PLATE (71)
Page 58
PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987 FER ROUS ALLOYS FeUH

Air Melt, 1/2 and 3/4 inch Plates (L)
Fe
Form
Condition 1650 F, 1hr, WQ + 1510/1530 F, 1hi, WQ + Indicated Age 18 Ni
Stress Stress Fatigue Strength, ksi, 7.5 Co
Materialÿ) and Ratio Concen¬ at Cycles
105 10b 107 5 Mo
Method Aging Treatment A R tration
Rotating Steel A Kt=l Ti
Beam 900 F, 3 hr, AC oo -1 Smooth 141 105 100 Al
850 F, 48 hi, AC 136 111 103
Steel B 18Ni{250)
900 F, 3 hr, AC 134 108 103
108
Maraging
850 F, 48 hr, AC 143 114
Steel A Notched
900 F, 3 hi, AC Kt = 3 56 46 45
850 F, 48 hr, AC 70 65 63
Steel B
900 F, 3 hr, AC S8 55 54
850 F, 48 hr, AC 56 46 45
(a) Steel A - 0.35 percent Ti, Ftu = 261 ksi, Fty = 251 ksi for 900 F, 3 hr, AC
Ftu = 288 ksi, Fty = 276 ksi for 850 F, 48 hi, AC
Steel B - 0.42 percent Ti, Fÿ = 264 ksi, Fÿ = 256 ksi for 900 F, 3 hr, AC
Fÿ = 281 ksi, Ffjr = 274 ksi for 850 F, 48 hr, AC
Notched Smooth
0.180" Diameter
0.220" -EES
Diameter
u 0.0055" R
L-o.180" Diameter
TABLE 3.0512. SMOOTH AND NOTCHED FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AIR MELTED

PLATE (40)

Form 5/8-inch-Diameter Bar (L)
Condition 1500 F, 1hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr, AC
Stress Stress hatigue Strength, ksi,
Melting Ratio Concen¬ at Cycles
Method Practice A R tration 103 104 105 10b io' 10ÿ
Rotating
Beam Air Melt(a) OO
-1 Kt=l (210)0>) 170 140 125 116 113
cvmOO Smooth 200 160 135 120 115 110
Air Melt oo -1 Kt = 2.2 - 100 70 57 55 55
CVM Notched - 100 70 57 55 55
(a) Air melt = 0.43 percent Ti, F{U = 270 ksi, Fÿ 263 ksi-
CVM = 0.35 percent Ti, F(U " 250 ksi, F(y = 246 ksi.
Smooth Notched
60°
0.270" Diameter ÿ V 0.230" Diameter
0.230" Diameter
ItamotPr -1
—*
0.010" Root Radius
TABLE 3.0513. SMOOTH AND NOTCHED FATIGUE STRENGTH OF ANNEALED CODE 1220
AND AGED BAR (70)
Page 59
FeUH
18 Ni
Fe
7.5 Co
5 Mo
Alloy
Form
__
__
__
Condition
Method
Stress Test
FERROUS ALLOYS
18Ni(350) Maraging
CVM, 0.07 inch Sheet
_
_
Mill Anneal 1500 F Age 900 F, 3 hr
Axial Load (Smooth and Double Edge Notch Specimens)
PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987
Fatigue Strength!3), ksi,

Ratio Temp, Stress at Cvcles
Ti A R F Concentration Direction 104 105 10ÿ 107
Al CO
-1 RT Smooth!0) L 125 85 55 45
T 126 84 48 40
18Ni(250) Notched(d) L and T 60 36 25 22
600 Smooth(c) L 90 60 50 46
Maraging T 86 64 61 60
Notched(d) Land T 53 35 25 23
800 Smooth!0) L 83 68 64 (64)0>)
T 80 64 60 (58)
Notched(d) Land T 52 34 28 26
0.98 0.01 RT Smooth(c) T 150 72 52 50
Notched(d) T 70 36 24 20
600 Smooth(c) T 120 80 72 70
Notched(d) T 70 38 28 26
800 Smooth(c) T 120 87 84 81
Notched(d) T 65 46 43 41
0.67 0.20 RT Smooth(c) T 165 84 58 52
Notched(d) T 86 42 30 30
600 Smooth(c) T (135) 90 66 60
Notched!4) T 74 43 40 40
800 Smooth(c) T 143 125 110 93
Notched(d) T 67 44 34 30
(a) Based on limited number of tests.

(c) Kt = 1.
(d) Kt = 3.
TABLE 3.0514. SMOOTH AND NOTCHED AXIAL-LOAD FATIGUE STRENGTH OF
0.07-INCH-TH1CK SHEET AT ROOM AND ELEVATED
TEMPERATURES (25)

Form CVM, 3/4 inch Plate (L)
Method Axial Load (Smooth, Kt = 1)
Mean Fatigue Strength, ksi,
Stress, at Cycles
Condition ksi 104 105 10° 107
Mill Annealed
Ffu = 140 ksi 50 100 65 45 40
Mill Anneal + 900 F,
3 hr 0 150 120 96 -
Fw = 250 ksi 50 150 100 80 -
TABLE 3.0515. SMOOTH FATIGUE STRENGTH OF MILIÿ
ANNEALED AND ANNEALED- AND-
AGED PLATE (72)
CODE 1220
Page 60
18N i(250) Maraging Sheet and Plate, L Fe

Annealed + 900 F, 3 hr
18 Ni
I0',-3
7.5 Co
5 Mo
Ti
Al
V 18Ni(250)
Maraging
10"
z
<
cc
X
s 10' 18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, 0.15 in. Sheet,
L, 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + 1100 F, 3 hr
fl «0
Freq = 120 cpm
—
A Steel A Air Melt, 0.15 in. Sheet,
Fjy = 245 ksi, Freq = 120 cpm,
R « 0 (Air) (76) 1
1 ÿ Steel —
B Air Melt, 0.27 in. Plate,
Fw = 252 ksi, Freq « 240 cpm,
%
10"
•
R « 0 (Air) (75)
Steel C - VIM, 0.25 in. Plate,
Ffy = 246 ksi, Freq = 9000 cpm,
•
10',-4
R = 0 (Dry Argon and Humid
Argon) (33) t
O Steel D - VIM. 0.18 in. Plate,
Fty <= 245 ksi, Freq = 300 cpm,
R = 0.05 (Dry Argon) (24)
1
•
f•
10 50 100 500
Stress Intensity Factor Range, AK, ksi -s/iiT. Z
o ,1
FIGURE 3.0521. INFLUENCE OF STRESS INTENSITY FAC¬
TOR (AK) AND TEST ENVIRONMENT ON
FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION OF
SHEET AND PLATE AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE (24, 33, 75, 76)
a
£ • 1
I
" io"5
E
O
•
••
•
,-e
10' 10 50 100 _
Stress Intensity Factor Range, AK, ksi \firl
FIGURE 3.0522. FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION AT

ROOM TEMPERATURE IN SHEET
AGED AT 1100 F (76)
CODE 1220
Page 61
Fe 18NM250) Maraging, VIM, 0.2 inch Plate 18Ni(250) Maraging 0.093 inch Sheet
1700 F, 1 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr, AC 1500 F, 1 hr+ CR + 900 F, 3 hr
18 Ni
9000 cpm 300 cpm
7.5 Co ÿ Tested in Dry Argon 0.34
5 Mo •Oi ÿ Tested in Dry Hydrogen
Ti
Sihb ÿ
Al 0 ~ 0.30
18Ni (250)
I0"
ÿ
nn 3
c
° n
Maraging ÿ5 0.26
z
< ÿC
O
• Longitudirial
0 Transverse
a
< 5 ft 0.22
0 20 40 60 80
s ÿ *
CO Cold Reduction, percent
DC ÿ A
10',-5
*
5 FIGURE 3.0611. EFFECT OF COLD ROLLING PRIOR TO
t> AGING ON POISSON'S RATIO (63)
9
a
o X
Q
i
t*
t
O 1
f
10',-6
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Maximum Stress Intensity Factor, Kmax, ksi ÿ/in.
FIGURE 3.0523. INFLUENCE OF TEST FREQUENCY ON

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN DRY
HYDROGEN (AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND 1ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE) (23, 24)
_
18Ni(260) Maraging. CVM, Sheet, Plate,
and Bar
Anneal 1500 F, 900 F, 3 hr. Exposure
Time 30 min
36 26
Tension
jc
i i i i
© 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM, Sheet, Plate,
32 24 o
Dynamic Eÿ**ÿ o and Bar
LIJ
Anneal 1500 F + 900 F, 3 hr. Exposure
Time 30 min
c
O
§ 28 20 E
4
C Compression
Static E >-
a
S 24 16
20 ) 0.07 in. Shee

rO N.
1
1
V 0.25 in. Plate (25) 0.07 in. Sheet

7/8- n.-Diam Bar ) 0.25 in. Plate
Bar 6) 1.5-in.-Diam Bar
16 L. 1 -J-
-200 200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 800 1000
FIGURE 3.0621. STATIC AND DYNAMIC MODULI FOR FIGURE 3.0622. STATIC MODULI FOR COMPRESSION
TENSION AT CRYOGENIC, ROOM, AND AT ROOM AND ELEVATED
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES (6, 25) TEMPERATURES (25)
CODE 1220
Page 62
300
200
I00
300
200
I00
RT-
-
PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987
————
600 F
~-ÿ_800 F_
~I-"-
1000 f"-- ÿ95o7ÿN
Tension
10
"ÿ"900
——
F"""-ÿ
1000 ksi
FIGURE 3.0641. TANGENT MODULUS CURVES AT ROOM

AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURES FOR
AIR MELT, ANNEALED, AND AGED
BAR (6)
20
l
18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt Bar
1500 F, 1/2 hr, AC + 90 0 F, 3 hr
18N i (25 3) Maraging, Air Melt Bar

1500 F, 1/2 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
Tension
90<
95
100C
10
RT—
600 F
lOOFÿ—v
___
1000 ksi
20
FIGURE 3.0651. SECANT MODULUS CURVES AT ROOM

AIR MELT, ANNEALED, AND AGED
BAR (6)
FERROUS ALLOYS
30
30
S
JC
300
200
100
300
200
1 00
-
1500 F, 1/2 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
Tension
1000 ksi
FIGURE 3.0642. TANGENT MODULUS CURVES AT ROOM

CVM ANNEALED AND AGED BAR (6)
18NK250) Maraging, CVM Bar

1500 F, 1/2 hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr
1000
Tension
800 F
10
900 F
950 F
600 F
1000 ksi
FIGURE 3.0652. SECANT MODULUS CURVES AT ROOM

CVM ANNEALED ANO AGED BAR (6)
20
18 Ni
FeUH
Fe
7.5 Co
5 Mo
Ti
Al
18Ni (250)
Maraging
CODE 1220
Page 63

Fe
Wrought!3) PM-HDPW
18 Ni Reduction Reduction
7.5 Co Fty> in Area, Fty> in Area,
5 Mo Heat Treatment ksi percent ksi percent
Solution Annealed (S) 1hr, 1700 F,
Ti AC + 1hr, 1500 F, AC 115 85 113 80
Al S + 3 hr, 900 F 244 62 247 0.2
S + 3 hr, 950 F 240 53 256 1
18N i (250) S + 10 min, 930 F + 3 hr, 900 F 238 62 220 40
Maraging S + 10 min, 975 F + 3 hr, 900 F 236 67 240 47
S + 10 min, 1005 F + 3 hr, 900 F 223 69 232 40
S + 10 min, 1040 F + 3 hr, 900 F 236 59 240 27
(a) Commercial bar stock.

(b) Prealloyed powder, hot isostatically pressed 3 hr, 2012 or 2192 F at 30 ksi
argon pressure. Compacts were approximately 0.8 inch diameter by
4.0 inch long.
TABLE 4.0142. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ALLOY CONSOLIDATED FROM

ROTATING ELECTRODE PROCESS POWDER (96)

Hot Isostatic Tensile Properties Charpy
Pressing Reduction Impact
Temperature, Ftu> Fty> in Area, Energy,
F00 ksi ksi percent ft-lb
Solution Anneale<1 1hr, 170t0 F + 1hi, 150C F

(b) 139 140 85 16
1850 139 140 62 1
2000 142 144 74 14
2100 138 139 76 12
2200 137 138 76 15
2300 139 140 77 15
Solu tion Annealed + Ag id 3 hr, 900 F

(b) 252 254 57 5
1850 188 188 0 1
2000 234 237 42 3
2100 241 242 51 3
2200 248 250 52 4
2300 242 245 54 4
Solution Amlealed + Iged 10 miln, 980 F + 3 hr, 900 F

(b) 251 256 58 4
1850 214 214 3 1
2000 247 252 38 2
2100 245 250 52 4
2200 242 246 55 4
2300 248 261 50 4
(a) Hot isostatically pressed at gas pressure of IS ksi for
3 hours. Compacts were approximately 1.0 inch diam¬
eter by 18 inch long.
(b) Commercial wrought bar stock.
TABLE 4.0143. TENSILE AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OF

ALLOY CONSOLIDATED FROM INERT
GAS ATOMIZED POWDER (97)
CODE 1220
Page 64

Form 1/2 inch Plate 0.07 inch Sheet Fe
1500 F, 1 hr, 18 Ni
1500 F, 1hr, AC + 900 F, 3 hr + Weld + AC + Weld + 7.5 Co
Condition 900 F, 3 hr 900 F, 3 hr
Process Coated ElectrodeC3) GMA GTA 5 Mo
Fe.18Ni-8Co4.5Mo- Fe-18Ni-8Co4.5Mo- Fe-18Ni-7.5Co- Ti
Wire 2.2Ti-0.2Al 0.5Ti-0.2Al 4.9Mo-0.5Ti Al
FtuCb), ksi 242 235 241
Fty, ksi 228 220 232 18Ni(250)
e (1.4 in.), percent 9 7 3.6 (2 in.)
Maraging
RA, percent 39 30 -
RT Charpy-vW), ft-lb 10 15 —
-
(a) Coating calcium carbonate and cryolite bonded with sodium siKcate.
(b) Specimens transverse to weld.
(c) Notch at weld centerline and perpendicular to plate surface.
TABLE 4.035 1. TYPICAL TENSILE AND IMPACT PROPERTIES AND RECOMMENDED

WIRE COMPOSITIONS FOR WELDING SHEET AND PLATE (17)

Form Air Melt, 3/4 inch Plate
Condition 1650 F, 1hr, WQ + 1530 F, 1hr. WQ + Weld + 900 F, 3 hr
Process GTA(b) SAW)
Fe-18Ni-8Co-5Mo4).5Ti-0.1Al Fe-18Ni-904.SMo-0.7Ti-0.15Al
Wire (0.004C) (0.02C)
Parallel to Perpendicular Parallel to Perpendicular
Weld Plate Rolling to Plate Rolling Plate Rolling to Plate Rolling
Orientation Direction Direction Direction Direction
Ftu(a), ksi 242 245 249 246
Fjy, ksi 237 242 238 235
e (2 in.), percent 6 6.5 3.5 4.0
RA, percent 32 32 20 21
IE Qiarpy-VW 11 - 6 5
at +80 F, ft-lb
(a) Transverse to weld.

(b) Specimens failed in weld metal.
(c) Specimens failed in HAZ of base plate.
(d) Notch at weld centerline and, perpendicular to plate surface.
Note: Base plate properties: Longitudinal - Ftu = 262 ksi, F(y = 254 ksi, e (2 in.) =
9.5 percent, RA = 45 percent, and IE Qiarpy-V (+80 F) = 15 ft-lb.
—
Transverse Fÿj = 265 ksi, Fjy = 257 ksi, e (2 in.) = 8.8 percent, RA = 41 percent,
and IE Charpy-V (+80 F) = 14 ft-lb.
TABLE 4.0352. TYPICAL TENSILE AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OF GTA AND

SUBMERGED ARC (SA) PLATE WELDMENTS (78)
CODE 1220
Page 65
18Ni|250) Maraging, CVM, 3/8 inch Piste

Fe 1500 F, 1 hr, AC + Weld + 900 F, 3 hr, AC
18 Ni
7.5 Co Single V Double V
5 Mo ÿ Parent Metal
Ti •
O
A
A
Weld Center
HAZ
Al
18N i(250) Q>
Maraging Crack Strength
18Ni(250! Maraging, Air Malt, 3/4 inch Plate

Anneal + Weld + 900 F, 12 hr, AC
= 200 Weld Deposit
Process Ti Content
11/16 in. Widex
3/8-in.-Thiek
Surface-Crack
•o
A
A
GMA, Ti Implant
Electron Beam
GMA Multipass >
1
1.2
0.5
Specimens ÿ GMA 2 Pass )
0.05 0.I0 0.I5 0.20 0.25

• Spec. A
OO AD Spec. B
Crack Length, 2s0, in. 2a0 - 3d
Surface Crack at Weld and
FIGURE 4.0361. EFFECT OF SURFACE CRACK LENGTH Age Before Cracking
ON THE CRACK STRENGTH OF GTA
WELDS IN CVM PLATE (80)
Spec. A: W = 4, t = 3/4
'
Spec. B: W= 1/2, t= 1/8
Welds
Base Plate
18Ni(250) Maraging. Air Melt, 3/4 inch Plate

Ti Implant GMA 2 Pass Welds O.I O.I5 0.2
Weld Deposit ~ 1.2Ti Crack Depth, d0, in.
Surface Fatigue Crack at Weld

HT Before Cracking
t= 1/8
A_ FIGURE 4.0362. EFFECT OF SURFACE CRACK DEPTH ON
THE CRACK STRENGTH OF VARIOUS
WELD DEPOSITS IN AIR MELT PLATE (56)
300
_2an ~ vi_-'
3d„
260 • Weld + 900 F, 3hr. AC

O Weld + 1500 F, 1 hr, AC
+ 900 F, 3 hr, AC
220
ÿWalds
180 1
Baseÿ,
Plate
140
100
0.05 0.I 0.I5 0.2 0.25 0.3
Cradt Depth, dD, in.
FIGURE 4.0363. EFFECT OF SURFACE CRACK DEPTH ON

THE SHARP NOTCH STRENGTH OF WELD
DEPOSITS IN 250 KSI AIR MELT PLATE
AGED AFTER WELDING OR ANNEALED
AND AGED AFTER WELDING (56)
CODE 1220
Page 66
PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987 FER ROUS ALLOYS FeUH

Form Air Melt, 3/4 inch Plate Fe
Condition 1650 F, 1 hr, WQ + 1530 F, 1hr, WQ + Weld + 900 F, 3 hr 18 Ni
Weld Parallel to Plate Perpendicular to Plate 7.5 Co
Orientation Rolling Direction Rolling Direction
Notch Location(a) WRC WRE WTC RWC RWC RWE RTC WRC
5 Mo
Process Ti
K[C0>), ksi \/in. GTA 63 86 86 58 61 92 75 64 Al
SA 36 87 44 - 44 86 37 43
18Ni (250)
(a) First letter gives direction of normal to crack plane, second letter gives direction of Maraninn
—
propagation (R - rolling direction, W width direction, and T - thickness direction),
third letter gives crack location with respect to weld (C - at weld centerline and
9 =
E - at weld edge near fusion line). _

(b) Base plate Kic = 80 ksi %/iru, L; 77 ksi \ZuT., T. (See Table 4.03S2 for tensile properties.)
TABLE 4.0364. PLANE STRAIN FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF GTA AND SA WELDS IN

AIR MELT PLATE (78)

0.25 inch Plate(e)
Material
KIcz_
ksi Vin.
KiS££v..
ksi v/in.W
Base(a) 105.0 55.6 ± 7.6
Weld Fusion Zone0>) 54.0 27.8 ± 7.3
Weld HAZ, 1200 F Max(c) 113.2 <54.1
Weld HAZ, 1400 F Max(c> 91.3
Weld HAZ, 2400 F Max(0 114.8
(a) Solution annealed plus aged 3 hr, 900 F.

(b) GTA welded in solution annealed condition plus aged
3 hr, 900 F.
(c) Synthetic weld heat-affected zones; solution annealed
specimens exposed to various thermal cycles, then
aged 3 hr, 900 F.
(d) Threshold stress- intensity factor for stress corrosion
determined by exposure in natural seacoast atmosphere.
4.00"
-2.00'
0.100'
0.500'
Rolling
Direction (0.25 in. Thick)
L 0.750'
0.250" Diam
Root Radius 0.003 ± 0.002" (Precracked)
(e) Base plate tensile properties: Ftu, 269J ksi; Fjy,

267.0 ksi; and elongation, 6.5 percent.
TABLE 4.0365. EFFECTS OF WELDING ON FRACTURE

TOUGHNESS AND THRESHOLD STRESS
INTENSITY FACTOR FOR STRESS
CORROSION (98)
CODE 1220
Page 67
FeUH FERROUS ALLOYS PRINTED: DECEM8ER 1987
i8Ni(250) Maraging Bar

Fe Pack Alu minizad 3 hr, 1500 F, or Pack
18 Ni Borontied 2 hr, 1700 F, or Pack Silkxwilzod
2 hr. 18043 F + 1500 F, A C + 3 hr, 900 F
7.5 Co 200 - R. R. Mot>ra Rotating Bar m Fatigue Test
5 Mo
Ti 2
Al
18Ni(250) » I00
Maraging
?
|
w
2
80 &
< 60
40
10* 10°
Cycles to Failure
FIGURE 4.044. EFFECTS OF COATINGS ON ROTATING

BEAM FATIGUE BEHAVIOR 199)
CODE 1220
Page 68

18 Ni (250) Maraging

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PRINTED: DECEMBER 1987 FERROUS ALLOYS FeUH

Steels", Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 8, No. 6 (June

70 Swanson, S. R., "A Survey of the Fatigue Aspects

Alloy l8Ni(250) Maraging Alloy 18NK250) Maragin

(a) Prior to pouring, up to 0.05 percent calcium, 0.02 percent zirconium,

TABLE 1.041. COMPOSITION (2, 80, 81)

18Ni(250) Maraging Plate. CVM 18Ni{260) Maraging, Air Melt, Plate

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

18Ni(250) Maraging. Air Malt, 0.7 inch Plata,

0.6 0.8 I.O I.2 1.4 E Charpy V

FIGURE 1.0921. EFFECT OF TITANIUM CONTENT ON

18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, 0.7 inch Plate,

1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

FIGURE 1.0942. EFFECT OF COMBINED ANNEALING

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

TABLE 1.0943. EFFECT OF COMBINED ANNEALING TREATMENTS ON STRENGTH

20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800 1000

FIGURE 2.013. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (4,25)

200 400 600 800 1000

FIGURE 2.014. THERMAL EXPANSION (4,25) 0.05

FIGURE 2.015. SPECIFIC HEAT AT CONSTANT

18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Melt, Plate, L

FIGURE 2.0324. DELAYED FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-MELTED

18Ni(250) Maraging Sheet

Stress Intensity Factor, K, ksi %/im

FIGURE 2.0326. EFFECTS OF HEAT TREATMENT ON CODE 1220

16Ni(250) 18Ni(250) Maraging Plate, Lab Vacuum

FIGURE 2.0332. INFLUENCE OF STRESS INTENSITY FIGURE 2.0333. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON

_ 18Ni(250) Maraging, Lab Vacuum Melted

FIGURE 2.0334. EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN PRESSURE ON FIGURE 2.0335. EFFECTS OF TEMPEFtATURE ON

18Ni(250) Maraging Plate, Lab VIM, V-DOX,

FIGURE 2.0339. EFFECTS OF STRAIN RATE ON TENSILE

I200 I400 I600 I800 2000 2200 2400

FIGURE 2.03310. EFFECTS OF SOLUTION ANNEAL

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

TABLE 3.011. AMS SPECIFIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FOR SHEET, STRIP,

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

(a) Annealing treatment: 1500-1700 F for 1-2 hi, AC

18Ni(250) Maraging Plate 18Ni(250) Maraging Plate

I20 0.08 0.10 0.12

(c) Solution Annealed Plus 8-Hour Age

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

(a) From three production heats, 10 specimens per heat.

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

TABLE 3.02152. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF ANNEALED

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

TABLE 3.02154. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

TABLE 3.02155. TYPICAL TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SHEET AND PLATE FROM

Alloy 18Ni(250) Maraging

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

FIGURE 3.02161. INFLUENCE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE

18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM Bar

1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

FIGURE 3.02163. INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING TEMPERA¬

18Ni(250) Maraging, Air Malt, 1/4 inch

= 220 18(M i(250)

220 c 18Ni(250) Maraging, CVM Plate

1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2 c

FIGURE 3.02164. INFLUENCE OF ANNEALING TEMPERA¬

1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

1500 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400