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Organic geochemical and petrological evaluation to assess the remaining hydrocarbon potential and depositional conditions: a case study of the Paleozoic shales of west Perlis region, northern Peninsular Malaysia

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Abstract

The shale samples of the Timah Tasoh Formation that deposited during the Early Devonian in Perlis, northern Peninsular Malaysia, have been investigated by utilising organic geochemical and petrological methods as well as elemental compositions. The shale samples were examined to assess the origin, type, and conditions of the paleodepositional environment during the sediment deposition and explore the gas-generating potential from the conversion of bitumen to gas from the more profound and older Paleozoic strata. Biomarker study indicates a mixed terrestrial-derived organic matter input with significant influences from lacustrine and marine-derived (marine phytoplanktonic-bacteria) land-plants organic matter deposited in a transitional environment (terrestrial to marine) under a suboxic condition. The ratio of trace elements concentration (e.g. Sr, Ba, V, Ni, Cr) established that the organic material was preserved under suboxic to oxic conditions. The analysis from the Rock–Eval pyrolysis indicates poor to very good hydrocarbon source potentials. However, evaluation based on bulk pyrolysis shows that the Timah Tasoh Formation contains a low hydrogen index (HI), suggesting that the organic matter is dominated by type IV kerogen, corroborated by the high vitrinite reflectance values. It indicates that the analysed samples are already in the stage of late mature to overmature and thus within a gas generation window. The solid bitumen within samples suggests that the Timah Tasoh Formation had prominent organic matter content for liquid hydrocarbon generation before a thick overburden rock and high thermal temperature occurred at the beginning of the deposition. During Late Cretaceous time transformed the primary organic matter kerogens of types II and III (that initially generated liquid hydrocarbons) into type IV kerogen, generating thermogenic gas potential by the process of secondary cracking source rocks.

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Acknowledgements

The authors take on the opportunity to acknowledge the management of the Department of Geology, the University of Malaya, for providing the facilities for the organic petrology and geochemistry analyses.

Funding

The authors are also very grateful for the financial support provided by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, through research grant number FP045-2017A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Muhammad Nadzmi Abdul Ghofur & Jasmi Hafiz Abdul Aziz

  2. College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China

    Yousif M. Makeen

  3. Geological Society of Malaysia, c/o Department of Geology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Wan Hasiah Abdullah

  4. Geological Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6803, Taiz, Yemen

    Mohammed Hail Hakimi

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  1. Muhammad Nadzmi Abdul Ghofur
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Table 4 The peak abbreviations from saturated fractions in the m/z 191 (I) and 217 (II)
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Ghofur, M.N.A., Aziz, J.H.A., Makeen, Y.M. et al. Organic geochemical and petrological evaluation to assess the remaining hydrocarbon potential and depositional conditions: a case study of the Paleozoic shales of west Perlis region, northern Peninsular Malaysia. Arab J Geosci 15, 1070 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-09764-2

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