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The origin of galactic cosmic rays

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Abstract

Thanks to advances in \(\gamma\)-ray astronomy and precise measurements of cosmic ray (CR) properties, the last decade has witnessed significant progresses in our understanding of the origin of Galactic CRs. In particular, GeV CRs have been associated with supernova remnants (SNRs) with soft \(\gamma\)-ray spectra, while there is evidence of efficient TeV CR acceleration in SNRs with hard \(\gamma\)-ray spectra. Nevertheless, no ultra-high-energy (>50 TeV) \(\gamma\)-ray emission has been detected from shocks of SNRs, implying their limited contributions to PeV CR fluxes. Most ultra-high-energy \(\gamma\)-ray sources detected so far can be associated with pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), that are known PeV electron/positron accelerators. Their contributions to PeV CRs are still a matter of debate. The Galactic center region and some star clusters, on the other hand, are known sources of PeV CRs. Detailed modelings of CR spectra and anisotropy show that the supernova that gave rise to the Geminga pulsar may have significant contributions to TeV CR fluxes, and PeV CRs should have significant contributions from source(s) in the direction of the Galactic center.

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Notes

  1. Bremsstrahlung emission of electrons is always lower than that from hadronic processes above 0.1 GeV for the fixed ratio of electron to proton flux (Yuan et al. 2012).

  2. The \(\gamma\)-ray SNR with nonthermal X-ray emission Tycho is not studied here, since its GeV \(\gamma\)-ray spectrum is soft.

  3. The MCMC code is CosRayMC (Liu et al. 2012) adapted from the COSMOMC package (Lewis and Bridle 2002)

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Acknowledgements

This work is partially supported by the National Key R&D program of China under Grant No. 2018YFA0404203, G2021166002L, and NSFC Grants U1931204, U2031111, 12103040, 12147208, and 11761131007, DFG Sino-German Collaboration Project nos. BU 777/15-1 and MU 4255/1-1, and the Natural Science Foundation for Young Scholars of Jiangsu Province, China (no. BK20191109). On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

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  1. School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People’s Republic of China

    Siming Liu & Yuliang Xin

  2. Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210034, People’s Republic of China

    Houdun Zeng

  3. Key Laboratory of Planetary Sciences, Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210023, People’s Republic of China

    Yiran Zhang

  4. Key Laboratory of Astroparticle Physics of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People’s Republic of China

    Houdun Zeng

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Liu, S., Zeng, H., Xin, Y. et al. The origin of galactic cosmic rays. Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys. 6, 19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-022-00080-6

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