E S T M O DV S I N R E BV S ESSAYS PRESENTED TO PROFESSOR MIHAI BĂRBULESCU TH AT HIS 75 A NNIVERSARY INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART CLUJ-NAPOCA BABEȘ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY CLUJ-NAPOCA est modvs in rebvs Essays Presented to Professor Mihai Bărbulescu at his 75th Anniversary Editors: Sorin nemeti • Irina Nemeti Florin-Gheorghe Fodorean • Sorin Cociș Editura Mega ▪ Cluj-Napoca ▪ 2022 Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României Est modus in rebus : essays presented to professor Mihai Bărbulescu at his 75th anniversary / editors: Sorin Nemeti, Irina Nemeti, Florin-Gheorghe Fodorean, Sorin Cociş. - Cluj-Napoca : Mega, 2022 Conţine bibliografie ISBN 978-606-020-563-0 I. Nemeti, Sorin (ed.) II. Nemeti, Irina (ed.) III. Fodorean, Florin-Gheorghe (ed.) IV. Cociş, Sorin (ed.) 902 Copyright: Authors, 2022 DTP: Ioan Dorel Radu Technical editing and printing: MEGA Publishing House, Cluj-Napoca Editura Mega | www.edituramega.ro e‑mail: mega@edituramega.ro CO N T E N TS A short laudatio for an inspiring magister Tabula gratulatoria Mihai Bărbulescu. List of publications 11 12 13 H I S TORY Lietta De Salvo La Sicilia e il mare. Attività economiche e commerciali nella Sicilia romana Annamária-Izabella Pázsint Notes on the Networks of Veterans in Moesia Inferior Rada Varga Prosopography of the non-elite in Roman Dacia. Historiographic approach Sorin Nemeti Caput Bubali. On Gromatic Toponymy in Dacia Lucietta Di Paola Per la storia della viabilità e del cursus publicus in Sicilia al tempo dei Costantinidi. Una svolta? Péter Kovács The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon as source for the history of the Huns Iulian Mihai Damian Umanisti curiali e romanità dei valacchi. Sulle dinamiche iniziali di un riconoscimento Anna Maria Liberati I calchi della Colonna Traiana al Museo della Civiltà Romana. Alcuni documenti inediti 29 51 61 71 77 93 107 119 Enrico Silverio Urbs atque Italia: un binomio ermeneutico tra cohortes urbanae e continuità nella tradizione imperiale 133 Ádám Szabó A note on Cicero De domo sua 46.121.19–21 147 A RT & R E L IGION Radu Ardevan La Fortuna de Cigmău – quelques observations Dorel Bondoc, Gabriela Filip Regarding some representations with exuvia leonis from Roman Dacia Andrei Buta, Radu Ota Images of Silenus at Apulum Juan Ramón Carbó García Where the lightning strikes, when the gods intervene. Divine agency and space sacralisation in Roman Dacia. Vassiliki Gaggadis-Robin Images du banquet à sigma sur les sarcophages d’époque impériale Monica Gui, Horațiu Cociș Zeitgeist. Imperial portraiture on a breastplate from Porolissum Irina Nemeti The Rider’s Iconography on Gems from Roman Dacia 157 161 173 183 195 205 219 Jean-Charles Balty Parerga Cumontiana 2. Tombeau, sarcophage et épigramme d’Ostie (Porta Romana A 9b) 229 Dan Deac, Dan Dana Une nouvelle tessera militaris découverte à Porolissum 243 E PIGR A PH Y Coriolan Horațiu Opreanu An Inscription of cohors III Campestris at Potaissa Constantin C. Petolescu L. Pontius Seneca, centurio legionis V Macedonicae Manfred Hainzmann Vier Prätorianerdiplome aus dem Jahr 208 n. Chr. − Eine Vergleichsanalyse. Cosmin Onofrei Qui et/que et in Latin Inscriptions from Roman Dacia Mihai Chiriac, Dan Tudor Ionescu, Viorel Ștefu Considérations historiques et épigraphique concernant un verre datant dépuis l̕ époque romaine découvert dans l̕ habitat de Mediaș – Gura Câmpului – Hășmaș 249 255 263 283 293 A RC H A EOL O G Y Fábián István The Stone age pieces of the Teleki collection from Gornești Luca-Paul Pupeză Roman games in Dacian sites. Tokens found at Covasna – Cetatea Zânelor Florin-Gheorghe Fodorean, Paul Chiorean, Horațiu Groza, Dan Matei New Data about the Aqueduct of Potaissa (Turda, Cluj County) Luciana Nedelea Textile Impressions on Roman Pottery Discovered at the Legionary Fortress from Potaissa Liviu Petculescu A niello decorated strap terminal from Moesia Inferior Mirjana Sanader, Domagoj Tončinić, Iva Kaić, Vinka Matijević Principia of the Roman military fortress Tilurium. New thoughts on an old problem Ioan Stanciu The Lazuri–Lubi tag settlement (north-western Romania). Examples of non-residential structures in the Barbaricum located in the vicinity of Dacia Porolissensis Barbocz Beáta An unique migration period vessel from Bandu de Câmpie Ion Tentiuc, Octavian Munteanu The Connections of Eastern Carpathian Space with the Viking World: a new Sword Scabbard Chape from the Early Mediaeval Ages Discovered in Moldova Ergün Lafli, Rojin Demi̇ Byzantine Coins of the Museum of Mardin in South-Eastern Turkey Florin-Gheorghe Fodorean Mapping Potaissa. Aspects regarding some of Téglás István’s notes Matyas Jozsef Archaeological Traces at Potaissa in Torma Károly’s Travel Notes Abbreviations 299 305 319 335 355 365 377 419 427 457 497 513 535 REGARDING SOME REPRESENTATIONS WITH EXUVIA LEONIS FROM ROMAN DACIA DOREL BONDOC, GABRIELA FILIP Abstract: During the archaeological excavations in 1964, in the Roman auxiliary fort Slăveni, inside the commander’s building (praetorium), was discovered a figurative representation made of bronze, wearing an exuvia leonis on his head. Initially, the character was identified with Hercules, but the probability that the figurative representation from Slăveni will also represent Alexander the Great, is very high. This is not the only piece of this kind; there are other representations of Alexander the Great in Dacia, also made of bronze. Keywords: bronze statuette; Hercule; Alexander the Great; Dacia; Slăveni; exuvia leonis. Introduction Our article starts from an earlier discovery from the Roman auxiliary fort Slăveni. This important military objective is located on the right bank of the Olt River, in the middle of Slăveni village, Gostavățu Commune, Olt County, at 48 km north of the Danube line and 15 km southeast of Romula-Reșca.1 The archaeological excavations in 1893 (led by Gr. Tocilescu and P. Polonic) were followed by those coordinated by Professor D. Tudor and Gh. Popilian (1962–1981 years),2 so that the most recent ones took place in the years 2007–2008. As a result of these archaeological excavations the plan of the fort (Pl. I) with the buildings inside was made and a rich archaeological material was highlighted (inscriptions,3 ceramic vessels,4 tiles and bricks,5 weapons,6 sculptural pieces,7 coins,8 iron objects, bronze objects, bone, glass and so on). The fort was provided, as usual, with the headquarters building (principia) in the center, and barracks and stables in front and behind the building, respectively. To the west of the headquarters building is the commander’s building (praetorium) and granary building (horreum).9 1. Archaeological excavations in 1964 revealed a figurative representation in the commander’s building which will be described below (Pl. II/1–3). Description The head of a bronze figurative representation, depicting a male character wearing an exuvia leonis on his head. Seen from the front, the piece shows some damage due to the corrosion process, expecially in the lower part of the face (Pl. II/1a). Tudor 1940, 34. Tudor et alii 2011. 3 IDR II, p. 196–214. 4 Popilian 1981, 25–46. 5 Bondoc 2021. 6 Petculescu 1991, 35–58. 7 Bondoc 2004, 53–83. 8 Popilian 1971, 35–51; Popilian 1974, 75–82; Toropu 1978, 62–68. 9 Tudor 1978, 301–307; Tudor et alii 2011, 29–33. 1 2 162 ■ Dorel BONDOC, Gabriela FILIP The character represented is young and has round, bearedless face with energetic features. Anatomical features: massive face and neck, large eyes, wide nose, fleshy lips and round chin. Over the curly hair cut on the forehead (anastolé), the head is completely covered by the Nemeea lion’s skin. The lion’s eyes, ears, and teeth can be clearly seen, along with the less sketched mane, suggested by shallow incisions (Pl. II/1b, Pl. II/2a). The representation was empty casted on the inside; subsequently, the inside of the part was filled with lead in order to fix an iron rod10 (Pl. II/2b). At present, the piece is in a good, stable state of preservation, and the usual green patina has been preserved on the surface. The piece was discovered during the archaeological excavation in Slăveni, on Friday, August 28, 1964, in the fort, inside the commander’s building (praetorium).11 Dimensions: 5 × 4 x 3 cm; weight – 223.76 g. Currently, it can be found at the Oltenia Museum in Craiova, inventory number I 7433. Bibliograpy: Tătulea 1975, 11 (photo); Ţeposu-Marinescu, Pop 2000, 128–129, no. 173; Antique Bronzes 2003, 104, no. 50; Tudor et alii 2011, 231, no. 572. Comments Initially, the character was identified with Hercules12, and the manner in which the lion’s fur was rendered (through short and frequent incisions) made Lucia Marinescu compare this representation with the manner in which the head of the statue of Emperor Decius13, from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, was made. Regarding its usefulness, the best analogy comes from somewhere in eastern Serbia: a similar piece made of silver, it is a statuette head similar in design and size to that of Slaveni, depicting Emperor Maximianus Herculius, wearing exuvia leonis (Pl. III/1–2); was interpreted as a scepter head.14. It is posible that the piece in question from Slăveni does not necessarily represent Hercules, but one of the emperors who tried to identify with him, perhaps Commodus, as we had originally thought. On our representation from Slăveni, the lion’s paws are broken and it cannot be said if they were tied over character’s chest, as on the bust of Commmodus discovered on Esquilin.15.Otherwise the intention of this emperor to be identified with Hercules is well known.16 Against the identification with Commodus it can objected that the man depicted on the figurative representation of Slăveni does not wear a beard, even if there are representations of this emperor, without a beard. But some portraits with this aspect were made to glorify the memory of Alexander the Great.17 For example, a head of a marble statue from the Dypilon / Kerameikos, Athens18, has the same features even though it belongs to the Hellenistic period, and it depicts, as we The physico-chemical analyzes were performed by M. Boicea, to whom I would like to thank. Tudor 1964, 102. 12 Tătulea 1975, 11; Antique Bronzes 2003, 104, no. 50; about the cult of Hercules in Roman Dacia, see Bărbulescu 1977 and Bărbulescu 1978. 13 Țeposu-Marinescu, Pop 2000, 129. 14 Popovic 2000, 237–243. 15 Ducati 1920, 794–795, fig. 758. 16 Cadario 2017, 39–72. 17 Pescaru, Rădeanu, Pescaru 2004, 368. 18 Kakavas 2013, 134, no. 107. 10 11 Regarding some representations with exuvia leonis from Roman Dacia ■ 163 said, Alexander the Great. The same goes for the case of the representation on a sarcophagus from Sidon.19 And there are others, on coins20 or sculptural monuments.21 Without necessarily being identical, the figurative representation from Slăveni has has many elements in common with that of the Athenian Museum (Pl. IV/1–2): lack of beard, fleshy lips, small mouth, wide nose, round chin, elongated cheekbones. Prominent forehead, intense gaze and facial expression are also similar. The probability that the figurative representation from Slăveni will also represent Alexander is very high; the fact that he wears exuvia leonis, the young face, the lack of a beard, anastolé-style hair, are just a few arguments that argue for such an identification. And because it is not the only piece of this kind, we will continue to review other representations of Alexander the Great from Dacia, also made of bronze. Parallels 2. A first discovery similar to the one from Slăveni was found in the eastern vicinity of Roman city Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa22 (Pl. IV/3); we are referring here to a bronze statuette, with the representation of Alexander the Great, rendered beardless and naked; the statuette has been preserved in fragments (the forearms and the legs from the knees down are broken). The head and the shoulders are covered by the Nemeea lion’s fur, with the animal’s paws knotted on the chest of the character; actual height- 6.2 cm (probably when the piece was entirely preserved, it was about 10 cm in high). It was dated to the end of the 2nd century – the beginning of the 3rd century AD.23 Currently, the statuette can be found in the Sarmizegetusa Archaeological Museum, inventory number 31999. 3. Another representation of this type comes from Germisara (Geoagiu);24 it is about an applique with the representation of Alexander the Great, portrayed as a beardless and muscular young man, with curly hair arranged around his face, carrying on his shoulders and head the skin of the lion of Nemeea; the animal’s paws were tied to the man’s chest; empty cast on the inside; height – 14 cm. (Pl. V/1). It was widely dated in the 2nd-3rd centuries AD. It is currently housed in the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization in Deva, inventory number 23520. 4. Finally, the last discovery of this kind was found in the vicinity of a Roman villa, located next to the Roman road that goes from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa to Apulum,25 somewhere between the localities of Rapoltu and Bobâlna.26 It is a bronze figurative representation (Pl. V/2), which was cast empty on the inside, but as in the case of Slăveni piece, the inside of the head was filled with lead. Alexander the Great, with the head turned to his right, wears a mantle fastened to his right shoulder with a round brooch; and on the top of his head, exuvia leonis; the curly hair on his forehead and temples covers his right Schulze 2020, 233, fig. 5. Mansperger 1981, no. 11–12; www.allnumis.ro/catalog-monede/macedonia/alexandru-cel-mare336–323-ihr/tetradrahma-nd-336–323-ihr-36426; https://istoriesinumismatica.files.wordpress.com/ 2015/03/alexandru-tetr-milet.jpg. 21 Hölscher 1971, 26, 45; www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2019/05/27/the-lysippus-bust-of-alexanderthe‑great; www.superstock.com/asset/alexander-great-bc-king-macedon-alexander-rondanini-copy-ori‑ ginal-euphranor/4409–96873; ancientheroes.net/blog/alexander-the-greats-3-heroes. 22 Bulzan 1998, 69–75. 23 Ţeposu-Marinescu, Pop 2000, 67, no. 67; here the identification of the character with Alexander the Great is disputed. 24 Rusu 1979, 176, nr. 13, with bibliography; Antique Bronzes 2003, 128, no. 143. 25 Pescaru, Rădeanu, Pescaru 2004, 367–369. 26 Information Adriana Rusu-Pescaru, to whom I would like to thank. 19 20 164 ■ Dorel BONDOC, Gabriela FILIP ear, leaving his left one exposed; height – 13 cm. The piece is in the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation in Deva, inventory number C 46. These are the representations of Alexander the Great, made of bronze, discovered in Roman Dacia (Pl. VI/1–4). There may be others that have escaped our analysis; the information explosion of recent years makes it almost impossible to consult all the publications in the field. Centuries after Alexander the Great’s death, the posterity still held great respect for his personality. There were all the reasons. Bibliography Antique Bronzes 2003 Bărbulescu 1977 L. Petculescu (ed.), Antique bronzes in Romania. Exhibiton catalogue, Bucharest 2003. M. Bărbulescu, Cultul lui Hercules în Dacia romană (I), ActaMN, 14, 1977, 173–194. Bărbulescu 1978 M. Bărbulescu, Cultul lui Hercules în Dacia romană (II), ActaMN, 15, 1978, 219–233. Bondoc 2021 D. Bondoc, Castrul roman de la Slăveni. II. Țigle și cărămizi ștampilate, Craiova 2021. Bondoc 2004 Bulzan 1998 Cadario, M., D. Bondoc, Inscripții și piese sculpturale romane. Muzeul Olteniei Craiova / Roman inscriptions and sculptural pieces. The Museum of Oltenia, Craiova, Craiova 2004. S. Bulzan, Alexander as Hercules on a small bronze from Sarmizegetusa, Acta MN, 35, l, 1998, 69–75. M. Cadario, Ercole e Commodo. Indossare l’habitus di Ercole, un ‚nuovo” basileion nella construzione dell” immagine imperiale. In: A. Galimebrti (ed.), Erodiano. Tra crisi e trasformazione, Milano 2017, 39–72. Ducati 1920 P. Ducati, L’arte classica, Torino 1920. Kakavas 2013 G. Kakavas (ed.), Leaving a mark on history. Treasures from Greek museums, Athens 2013. Pescaru, Rădeanu, Pescaru 2004 A. Pescaru, V. Rădeanu, E. Pescaru, A new decorative bust‑applique from Roman Dacia. In: C. Mușețeanu, L. Marinescu, C. Știrbulescu, V. Botez, (eds.), The Antique Bronzes. Typology, chronology, autenticity, Bucharest 2004, 367–369. Hölscher 1971 Mansperger 1981 Petculescu 1991 Popilian 1971 Popilian 1974 T. Hölscher, Ideal und Wirklichkeit in den Bildnissen Alexanders des Groszen, Heidelberg 1971. D. Mansperger, Alexander der Große im Bild der Münzen. Die Sammlung Karl Russ in der Tübinger Universitäts‑Münzsammlung ( = Ausstellungskataloge der Universität Tübingen 15), Tübingen 1981. L. Petculescu, Bronze spearheads and spear butts from Dacia, JRMES, 2, 1991, 35–58. Gh. Popilian, Descoperirea monetară de la Gostavăț (jud. Olt), Historica, 2, 1971, 35–51. Gh. Popilian, Aspecte ale circulației monetare în castrul și așezarea romană de la Slăveni, Oltenia, 1, 1974, 75–82. Regarding some representations with exuvia leonis from Roman Dacia ■ 165 Popilian 1981 Gh. Popilian, L’atelier de céramique du camp romain de Slăveni, Oltenia, 3, 1981, 25–46. Rusu 1979 A. Rusu, Bronzuri figurate romane în Muzeul Județean din Deva, Sargetia, 14, 1979, 173–183. Popović 2000 Schulze 2020 Tătulea 1975 Toropu 1978 Tudor 1940 I. Popović, Silver bust of Maximian Herculius as a head of sceptre, Starinar, 50, 2000, 237–243. H. Schulze, Die frühen Alexanderbildnisse. In: A. Pangerl (ed.), Portraits. 400 Years of Hellenistic Portraits / 400 Jahre hellenistiche Portraits, München 2020, 231–244. C. M. Tătulea, Artă figurată romană în Muzeul Olteniei, Craiova 1975. O. Toropu, Un nou tezaur monetar descoperit la Slăveni, Drobeta, 1978, 62–68. D. Tudor, Castra Daciae Inferioris (II). Castrul și așezarea romană de la Slăveni‑Romanați, BCMI, 33, 1940, fasc. 105, 34–38. Tudor 1964 D. Tudor, Slăveni. Jurnal de săpătură, anul 1964, mss. Ţeposu‑Marinescu, Pop 2000 L. Ţeposu-Marinescu, C. Pop, Statuete de bronz din Dacia romană, Bucureşti 2000. Tudor 1978 Tudor, Popilian, Gudea, Bondoc 2011 D. Tudor, Oltenia romană, București 19784. D. Tudor, Gh. Popilian, N. Gudea, D. Bondoc, Castrul roman de la Slăveni. Încercare de monografie arheologică, Cluj Napoca 2011. Dorel BONDOC Muzeul Olteniei Craiova email: dorelbondoc@yahoo.com Gabriela FILIP Muzeul Olteniei Craiova email: gabryela1982@yahoo.com 166 ■ Dorel BONDOC, Gabriela FILIP PI. I. The Roman auxiliary fort Slăveni. Regarding some representations with exuvia leonis from Roman Dacia ■ 167 1a 1b 2a 2b 3 Pl. II. 1. The figurative representation from Slăveni (a. front and b. side views); 2. The figurative representation from Slăveni. a. Back and b. bottom part views; 3. The figurative representation from Slăveni (rdawing by the authors). 168 ■ Dorel BONDOC, Gabriela FILIP 1 2 Pl. III. 1. Figurative representation with exuvia leonis from Slăveni (photo by the authors); 2. Figurative representation with exuvia leonis from Serbia (after Popovic, 2000). Regarding some representations with exuvia leonis from Roman Dacia ■ 169 1 2 3 Pl. IV. 1. Figurative representation with exuvia leonis from Slăveni (photo by the authors); 2. Alexander the Greate representation with exuvia leonis (after Kakavas 2013); 3. Bronze statuette from Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa. (photo G. Băeștean). 170 ■ Dorel BONDOC, Gabriela FILIP 1 2 Pl. V. 1. Bronze statuette from Germisara (photo MCDR); 2. Figurative representation of Alexander the Great (after Pescaru, Rădeanu, Pescaru 2004). Regarding some representations with exuvia leonis from Roman Dacia ■ 171 1 2 3 4 Pl. VI. 1. Photo – the autors; 2. Photo – G. Băeștean; 3. Photo MCDR; 4. Photo A. Pescaru, V. Rădeanu, E. Pescaru.