EbITAPCKA AKANE\IH,S HA HAYKI4TE. BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF XEJIMI4HTO-]IO|II,s, 25. HELMINTHOLOGY. SCIENCES 25 CoSun. 1988. Solra 9n, the. life-qy^.lf o.t^Ophiotaenia europaea v Odening, 1963 (Cestoda: Ophiotaeniidae)* _= Valko Biserkoy, Todor Genot, Central Laborstort' of Helninthologl, -- Rulgarian AcadertT, of Sciences OPhiotaenia europdeA O d e n in g, 1963 is a widespread.parasitein Europe, being more frequent in the southern parts of the continint. Finat hosts of thii lestode species arc Natrix natrix L. and N. tessellata L a u r. Rarelyit hasbeen establishedinothersnake species (trIaprrrJro, MourreHK o, 1971; IIIaprrrrro, 1976). .J oyeux and Bae r (1933, 1936) founcl experimentally that the first internrediate hosts of o. europded*'k were rhe copepod s paracycloprli*trtatii G i;;il.1, Megacyclops viridis -(J u r), Diacyclops bicispidatus f"C f u i s.), C1,d)ps ,tinii, (F i s ch.). The authors,-however, prisented-only brief remarf, oir the oeverlpment.,of the_parasite in the first intermediate hoit. The same authors proved the possibility that fish (satnio irideus) could be infected with the parasite,'while taclpoles of Rana orvalis N i I s s o n (which were together with the fish in the same dishest did not become infected. J o y e u x and du r. (1961) presentedn-;"h;;; cl r:e lrii-c"cle of o. europaea in which they accepted ihut fith surve as ,..ona .-* interneci::e hosts, rvithout confirming the infectiveness of the tarvat-st"g;;, ;: tained from ::sh. b1, infecting final hosts *.ith thent. . ryapnrl -l o. \1 o H rie ur o (1971)carried outpreliminaryexperiments on the life-cycle of o. e:tropaea as a result ol u hich they some intermediate hosts of this parasite in Ukrarne. The-v infected successfully "stuUtisttea 8 species of and established differences in the extensity and irt."ritv Lf invasiorr due "op.poA, to the species, sex atrd age of the first intermediate host. The parasite larval 6evelop-*t in the copepod's wa9 completed in 14 clays. In therr further investigationthe authors proved that after the invasion of alreacly metamorphosed specime ns of Rana arNils son and Rana lessonae camerana with infected copepods en'rrlrs capsttlated Tatvae of O. europaea developeci within 40 days. The larvae q,ere inbeen completed with the financial support of the ,-r Jhis qt'oj3c1 -lra.s -3 Louncrl ot Ministers rrnder conrract No 471. Committes for Science "" J o y e.u x. and B-a e r determined as lchtiotuenia (Crepidobothrium) racemosa (R u d., their experiments but O d e n in ! trSOr) pi'c,ueA that they hid . .,.. ?il":i^" a:: species Ophiotaenia europtrca Odening, 'rrtr the l1:l,l*9il 1963, fective to the final host Coronella austriacct. Direct invasion of a final hosl (Natrix tessellata) with larvae isolated from the copepods rvas ttot possible. There is not enough data in thc literature on the morphology and the develop- of O. europaea iarvae. the infectireness ol the larvae which develop the role of the second internle,Jiaie hcsts in the circulation tadpoles, fish arr.d mental time in of the parasite. The aim of the present investigation is to try to elucidate :o:-.e aspects of the above mentioned unsolved problems of the life cycle of o. ei'rc'ti:;ct. Material and Methods O. europaea eggs were gathered from nrature cestodes isolated fuom Natrix rtotrix, ca$tureO li th" Pancharevo pond Scfia district. The cestodes gathered were *ur1"O and put in clishes with rvlter where they released their eggs. The ova ob-'v, tained were klpt in water for 3 days at roont temperatgre, so that more eggs could develop completelY. A^bout t0OO specimens of fresh water copepods, gathered- frcm water bodies around Sofia, were used as first intermediate hosts. Prior to the experiment some of the copepods were examined for natural invasion with helminth larvae. We used in the ixperiment only uninvaded nature copepods of the following species: Cyclops vicinis U 1j a ni n, about 600 specimens: Acoilthacl'slsps robustus (G. O. sars)50 specimens; Euclicrptomtis t'tilgoris (.Schmeil). about 400 specimens. ' itt" copepods were invaded only once by keeping them in crystallizers with water for 24 h contact with the invasive eggs, which they actively ingested' The invaded copepocls were kept in crystallizers with 200 mi of water (20 c-opepod specimens n 6aitr; at 22-252C, measured at 2 o'clock p. nr. Sixteen fish specimens specimens 9l'tl' oith. species'Puntius tetrdzond tetrazond Beecker and 4 af Ra,a riclibunda tadpoles as 20 well species kiphophorus ietleri H e c k e l, as hosts' intermediate second P a I 1., wire-usecl as The second intermediate hosts were invaded in groups by placing 20 copepods' tadhaving a L2-.l5th OuVt ofa invasion, together wittr + specimens of the fish or in crystallizers ivith 200 ml of *at"t. The copepods *ere actively ingested the second intermediate hosts. by l\,atrir tesselkttct J]o1,-y1li A young 15 .;il;; specimen of rhe species uith pieiocercoid I' ln the expe- invasion final hoit ln"the experimJnt-for direct the fish and the tadpoles' from II obtained pt.ro..rcoid *litn riments for ir,vasion austrictca L a u r", Coronella we used final hosts Coluier jugularis G m e 1. and of the snakes' the..mouth into directly respectively. We ptaceJ in" pi"t"o.".coids 1' 3' 5, -l ,8, after stuclied were hosts intermediate first The experimental on l0 and 15 days p. i. the second interntediate hosts were dissected andonstudied 40th the stucliec wer-e tadpoles the the 30th ancl 40th ;il ;;;G;ively ancl iollows: Co1ber juEilaris,,an the J;t;. i. fii" l',uua.a final hbsts were studiecl as day iilri du. p. i., Corine:lta ai,striaca on the 29th p. i. and -\-ciri-r: tessellata on the 30th day p. i. The larval stages were studied and measured alive and on glycerol-gelatine r (1983)' preparations. The rLmes of the larval stages are given after U b e 1a k e All-measurements are in millimeters. poles Results and Discussion Life-cycle \, - of Cphiotaenia europaea Both imnature ancl completely developed eggs were released by the placed in water marure proglottids. Oncospheres developed in the immature eggs within 3 clal s at ZZ"C.- the invasive plerocercoid I developecl in the copepods "]11'tT 1.1 days at room ternperature 22-25'C and within 12 days at temperature 25-28"C, segin the first caudal to be found u,ete measured at 2 o'clock p. m. Oncospheres 6-spe13 days After p. 25-28"C. at tempere,tut'c h i. 24 the copepods of ments cimens of pleroceicoid I coulcl be observed in the cavity of the dorsal part of the cephalothorax. Or.r the 1Oth da1'p.i. the plerocercoid I hadadeveloped scolexand ..i"o-... and or.r the 12th daf invasive plerocercoid I r,vithor"rt cercomer was formed. A11 copepocls used in our erperiment were sLlccessfully invaded. The invasion extensity r,ial as follol's: 88 cr-rt of 100 Cyclops t,icirttts studied, 2 out of 10 Acan' thocl'clops robustus,80 oirt of 100 Eudiaptonns t'ulgaris. Of the animals used as second lntermediate hosts Puntius tetrazon(t tetrdzoila was successfLrlly invaded. In trvo of the specimens 6 and 3 c1'sts ri'ith plerocercoirl II r,vere found. Plerocercoids were not obseived rn X. helleri. the second fish species. Five cysts tvith plerocercoid II rlere found rn a tadpole of Rana ridibunda. The development of plerocercoidll in ihe second ir.rtermediate hosts continued 30-40 days at 25-'-28"C. Of the snakes, used as final hosts, invasion rvas established in Coronella au' striaca andColuberjugularis. Three strobilae, 35, 33 and 30 mm long were found 29 days p. i. in Coionella austriaca which had been infected wiih four plerocercoid II specimens obtained from Rana ridibmtda tadpoles. Three cestorles, 30, 10 ancl 8 mm long, rvere also found irr Coluber juguluri.s on the 73rd day p. i. This snake had been irtr,aded irith 5 plerocercoid II specimens isolated from P. tetrozond tet' rtt:ona. \o inlection sas established in Natrix te,ssellatct 30 days p. i. Description of O. ettopaea latvae Eggs. The eggs (Fig. l, '.1, B. C; Fig. 2. u, b) of O. et|opaer? were round with thin transparent shell. The size of the immature eggs rvas 0,060--0,080. The embryophore was 0,028-0,031. The mature eggs had diameter 0,080-0,085. The innermost shell layer of the eggs had dian-reter 0,030--0,034. The oncosphere in 0,009 long. -V:' rhe egss nreasured 0,015-0,019. The embrl'ouic hooks were Oncosphcrc. The oncosphere (Fig. 1, F, Fig. 2,c) had diarneter 0,019-0,021. The tips of the three pairs of embryonic hooks pierced the outher layer. The hooks wei'e slim with open blade. The ba.se of the hooks was thinner at the end. The length of the hooks u'as 0.009 and the length of the blade was 0,0025. Plerocercoid I (Fi-s. 1. D, E, F, G; Fig.2, d). On the 3rd day p. i. the plerocercoid was oval in form measuring 0,034-0 "026. The hooks were situated inside the plerocercoid and did not forru pairs. On the 5th day p. i. the plerocercoid had elongated-oval form uith dimensions 0, 130X0,050. The hooks were situated at the posterior end. There u.as a group of cells in the anterior part of the body from r,vhich the scolex would be fornted. On the 7th day p. i. the plerocercoids had already a formed scolex, small calcium carbonate granuies in the parenchima and a cercomer at the posterior end. The body length rvas 0,380-0,490 and the maxr'mum rvidth 0,095-'0,100. The scoler rvas oval *'ith a formed apical organ and lour suckers. The dimensiotrs of the scoler rvere 0.100--0,164x0,95--0,100. The apical organ protrudes over the contour of the scolex and was 0,040x0"047. The €a D\J 0,1 mm Kq\ ffij':'.'l\ itt , '=\ T I ,ll: [' 'Jl=] [" ,:/ Il- \,rr,7 ::{ t\/ t. \,,J 0,1 mn \t e01 mm 0.15 rnm rffi o' o =6 o ^ O og o 0J mm 0.3 mm fig. Ophiotaenia europaea Oden ing,1,963 I - 1. immature egg; an o"*ibfr*"-U"ing formed;C _ mature egg wirh -,8 --egg.with I on t{g 3d ^!ay; r_i'tero""r.ola I o"- i-t -sth llerocercoi! day; 9"":p*::i,^D,../-em0ryonrc hooks; G plerocercoid cercomer on the 10th day; "H _ piel - on tho 12thwith rocercoid I without cercomer elay; I pterocercolo ll f;;;" ik;, ridibunp. da; J. - plerocercoid II from tetrazona titinronu slckers were oval 0,053-0,063x0,040-0,047. The cercomer was connected to the plerocercgid by a wide passuge. Most of the hooks *.r" io the cercomer. thg 10th _ day p. i. the plerocercoicr had a fully developed cercomer con. 9". nected to the body by a thin membranous fibre. The scolex pe'rrormed active mo10 v_ Y{j l!.tli ";r.f? ;:#iffi t{ ** t 'S .l' ,:'r'4 .'.: !9 s.*t' I \tt" W*, iffn:r:lf *! 4 '",i tiir::; 1 ;.; t. " . \14 {t l,# r -F f,-, &1* rrfE iF l'. at I i & w Fi!. ) Opltiotnenia europxc O d r'n in s. l9ir-l rz inrntature egg; D mature egg \\ith oitjosphere: r, three cncosphe:es jn a seqn.rair:,.r1 C''ciols yit:ittus; d ple|oc:rcord I riith ce:'.-omer caudal ttlt::lt .--ol ttq. xrr. 25 Valktr Bi:erkov. Todor Cenov - On thelife-cycle of Ofltiotaenia europaeo C)den i n g. 196-i iCc:tocla: Ophiotaeniidae) Xa .F ,: ..,s':irr aJ'6 4 l:1j, europL,er, O d e n i n g, 1963 I lriti-r ir-ri'aginatI with invaginated scolex anci corccmer: b - plerolelcLri,l spines on tlie surface ol'the suekers gi pler.';ericid I; d siolex without cercomor;"c ecl-"p1".""#.oid - in a common cyst in P. tetrazont! tetti -')]:! two specimons of plerocercoid I[ Fig. 3. Ophiolaenio o \t vements invaginating and evaginating. The suckers were fully developed. Their surface was covered rvith tiny spines except for the apical organ. Pleroce rcoid Iwith invaginated scolex (Fig. 1,H;Fig.3, u, b, c). By this stage, formed on the llth day the scolex was pennanently invaginated. Parts of the excretory ducts were observed, when the parasite was alive. The apical organ protruded over the contour of the scolex. The cercomer was still connected to the plerocercoid. Orr the l2th day the cercomer was separated from the plerocercoid. The latter rvas pyriform with dimensions 0,200--0,256x0,1000,095. The invaginated scolex was 0,110x0,095. The suckers were round or oval 0,047-0,049x0,033-0.037 mm in size. The apical organ hauged in the parenchima had dimensions 0,047-0.055. The entire surface of the scolex and the invaginated neck lvere densely covered with spines. Anteriorly, at the place of the scolex invagination the spines gradually disappeared.The excretory ducts had the form of an open spiral. Their diarneter rvas 0,02. The excretory bladder was Y, u'ith the following dimensions: total length Op29,length of the single - duct ---;rshaped tI O,OiS The calcium carbdnate granules had miximum size 0-,010x0,005. Plerocercoid II (Fig. I, I, J.; Fig. 3, d). Plerocercoid II from Puntius tetrazond tetrctzond Beecker. The plerocercoids \\,ere encysted. The cysts wele situated near to one another. They were covered rvith a common coat of irregular form fixed to the mesenterium. The plerocercoids were oval 0,380-0,476X0,140-0,340. the scolex was invaginated 0,220--{,300. The suckers were oval 0,084 x 0,053-0,100 x 0,090. The apical organ had diameter 0,053-0,074. There were carbonate granules scattered in the parenchima, with dimensions 0,020X0,010. The surface of the scolex was covered with tiny spincs. II f rom tadpoles of Renct ridibundct Fall. The plerocercoids \\'ere encysted. The casts $ere round situated in groups rrear to one another. The casts had diameter 0,420-0,544. The invaginated scolex had diameter 0,260--{,3 18. The suckers were oval 0,119x0,085-0,127x0,095. The apical organ had diameter 0,050--{,058. The calcium carbonate granules were 0,020x0,010. The surface of the scolex was covered rvith tiny spines. By comparing the plerocercoids from both second intermediate hosts it could be seen that those from the tadpoles of Rana ridibunda were larger and with better deveioped suckers (Table 1). The results obtained from the experimental study on the life-cycle of Ophio.i,.raenia et!topaec! showed that the develbpment of this cestode speciei included the Plerocercoid t Table I Metric characterist ics (mm) of Iarvae O. europaea hosts in the first Parhmeters Length of body \\:idth of body Length of suckers \\'idth of suckers Diameter of apical 0,200-0,256 0,i00-0,r50 organ Length of carbonate granules 0,047-0.049 0,033-0,039 0,047-0,055 0,005-0,010 and the second intermediate Puntius tetra- Rana ridibunda zona plerocercoid (larvae) plerocercoid II ll 0,380-0,476 0,240-0,340 0,084-0,100 0,053-0,090 0,0s3-0,074 0,010-0,020 0,420-0,544 0,420-0,544 0,1 l9-0,127 0,085-0,09s 0,050-0,058 0,010-0,020 1l follolving stages: egg, plerocercoid I (plerocercoid I with invaginatecl scolex ancl plerocercoid I with invaginatecl scoiei u'ithor-rt ."r.oro.rj, plerocercoid II -'firrt and adult. Three types of hosts participate in the life-cvcle: int.rn.,erfiate lco\-pepods), second intermedjaie (fish and amphibiansj and final fsnakes). In the course of oLlr srudr first in:trr::-:iate hosts of o. eLrropaeaproved to be copepods of the sptcies C.\ clrT; r ic',vi;:-i., .1ttt,:tlioc.t c!ops t.obustus and Diaptontus' vulglris. Iil therl the parasite reached- the siage plerccercoid with invagliaii ed scolex riithout ce1'come1.. The time of the pa-rasite der:lc.E,ment ciepends the temperature. According toour two experiments plerocercoid I ,,as tritt.v on aeveloped and lossed its cercomer on the r2th day trt 2i-25. c and on ihe iith cta' ar 25-28'c. III a p n ].r n o ancl Nl o H.r e rrc o (1971) reported thar rhe ;;"1;i of plerocercoici I invaginated on the 14th day at zO--zZ"C. Lr the ."p..i-.nti-oi J o y e tt x and B a e r (1933) this happened on the 17th day (the authors clid not mention the temperatrire at which the experiment *u, .urri.i out). Considerable diffelences were not observed when the morphology and the dimensions of the different stages of o. europaca clevelopment , siudiedin ou. pared u'ith those report_ecl (onl-v- briefly) ""p.;il;;;;;;;;.";";-t : oyeux o,rd Baer'(1933) and ,] !V IIIaprnJro ancl MoutrerrK o 9jD. IIIapIII4no and MoutleHr o (197D louncl differences in the rate of ^ ctrropctea o. invasion ol copepocl s dcpending on rhc ,p..i"s, age ar.id sex of the host..c<rnsicering the djmeniioirs of the eg_es if o. r,,,.nprin,unJth" size of the mouth opening__of the copepods, *e rised on1!- large n.r.trr- copepcds in onr ments. The lorv rate of invasion of .4cttttrhoc.t'cion.s robusll-r (l oLrt of l0 specimens), ""p.1compared rvith that of E. tttlgnirs (80 out of 100 specintens):nd C. ,lciritt (88 s of 100 specimens), rve cosider to be the result of the unsufficient nurrrber oLri of. specimens studieC and ue do not accept it to be characteristic of the host Joyeux and Baer (1933) mentioned that they had carried out species. experiment for the direct invasion of the final host with inv'artetl copepods but ihey did noi report the results. IIIapnuno and ]vlouareHKo (19zry did noi succeed to invade the final host in this way. We also lailecl to invade the final hosts with plerocercoid I and this proves thai the second irrtermediate host is obli- gatory in the life-cycle of O. europaea. In the course of our study on the invasion of the final l-iosts (Coronella au'ctriqcct and Coluber iugularis) we establishetl that the cestode derelopment *ut MosqeHKo f;]1ygct--compared to tiie data presented by lilapnrr--ro (1971).^We suggested that this u,as in connection nith the "".r insufficient and irregular feeding of the experimental hosts during rhe erpetiment. netayeO CI".U"p-meut in cestodes due to unsulficient feecling oi ri.te host has been reportecl by a nurnber of authors: Read (1957. 19,;9) Iafrer III)",,rri, f Bo3.{ eu, 19i21, (1962) erc. !orcnr, ruapnrr,o and tr4,rHrr eHKo (1971) emphasizecl that in the south of the europaean part of the USSR major role as seconci intermediate hosts of eurolf?d play amphibians. Accordirrg to our unpublished da{a the nain finalO. hosts or u' euroP(lea in Bulgaria are Natrix natrix and,M. tessellata rrhich are naturally invaded at the rate of 6o-100i(, in the clifferent ug* groupr. Data reported b;, ll^9..1'and Uosx o e (1933), n.o,es and 6 o"ei (19-i2), f apiu"o,rii (1985) show that both species have similar distribution. N.iessetictra is strongly connected with the iarge fresh-water boclies. In the food spectlurnmore of '\. netrix amphibia-ns predominate, u'hile in the case of N. tess.e/lcrta fiih predominate. The our investi.gation, as well as the above rnentioned data. su_sgest that sig-l.e:ults.of llltrcant role in the life-cycie of o. europaea may play both fish and-arnphibiani. From this point ofview the report or Molnar and Murai (197b) arises I2 interest. The authors found that 3$o,/,, of the young carps in the fish-breeding ponds near Budapest were invaded with larvae of protocephalates which are morphologically very similar to the plerocercoids of O. eurodpe(t. Conclusions As a result of the experiments carriedout on the life-cycle of O.europaed we established the following: i. First intermediate hosts of O. europdea were the copepods Cyclops vicinus, Acanthocyclops robusttts and Eudiaptomus vttlgaris. 2. In the invaded copepods the parasite passed the following stages al25--2.8'C: on the first da1,'it remained cn stage oncosphere in the caudal segments of the copepods, on the 3rd day the parasite moved in the cephalothorax of the copepods iud a )oung plerocercoid I developed, on the 10th day the plerocercoid had 1 vevaginated scolex and cercomer, on the 11th day the plerccercoids hacl invaginated scolex and cercomer and on the 12th tlay invasive plerocercoid I was formed r.vith invaginated scolex n'ithout ccrcomer. 3. Second intermediate hosts of O. europaea li'ere fish (Puntius tetrdzofid tetrcrzona) ar.,d amphibrans (tadpoles of Rcina ridibunda). Invasive plerocercoid II developed iir them for 30-40 days at 22-25"C. The cestode developed to the stage of premature hermaphroditic proglottids in the final hosts Colrrber jwgularis and Coronella dustrid.cafor 73atd29 days respectively. The delayed development of the strobilae of O. europaea in the final hosts was assume to be <1ue to the unsufficient and irregular feeding of the final hosts itt the course of the experiment. 4. On the basis of the experimentally obtained results we suggested that it is possible that second intermediate hosts of O. europdect are not only arnphibians but also fish. In the smaller rvater bodies the main final hosts of this cestode species is Natrix natrir and the life-c1'cle goes through amphibians. ln the bigger water bodies. vhere the fish-eating rYd/ri-r tessellato is also found, the circuiation olthe parasite fish are included as rvell. Tho authors are grateful to the seniour scientific research worker V. Naidenov from the Institute of Zoology, BAS, for determining the species of copepods. References Joyeux, Ch., I. G. Baer. 1933. Sur locycle evolulif d,'unTaenia deSerpent. Sci., 196, i\&:-i. i838-1839. - C. R. Acad. Joyeux,Ch.,LG.Baer.lg36.FaunadeFrance.Vol.30.Cestodes.Paris,P.Lechevalieret Fils. 513 p. Jo1'eux, Ch., I. G. Baer. 1951. Classe des Cestodes. de zoologie, anatomie, si-In: Traite stematique, biologie. Yol. 4, fasc. 1. Paris, Masson&Co, 347-560. ill o 1n a r, K., E. M u r ai. 1,978. Proteocephalidae skolexek elordulasa pontynak mint paratenikus gazdanak a hasuregeben. O d e n i n g, K. - Parasitol. Hung.. No il, 1'43-144. 1963. Zum systematischen Status und zur Verbreitungder ineuropiiischenSchlangen schrnarotzenden.Proteocephalidae (Cestoidea: Proteocephala) nebst Bemerkungen zur Ub el Gattugszugehorigkeit einer madagessischen Proteocephalidae Art aus Schlangon. Z. Parasitenkunde, 23, No 3, 226-234. a ker, J. E. 1983. Metacestodes: Morphology andDevelopment. Biology of theEu. -In: press, 139-177. cestoda (Eds. C. Arme, P. W. Pappas). Vol. 1. London, Academic Elpeu.II..Iif.UoEr<os.1933.Ll:y.lassnnt"Brpxypa3npocrpagenueroHaBreqyr[reuErrrapriq r ro Ea:rxaacw{s [orryocrpoB6. 1. 2. 3wsu (Serpentes). tr{rs. I{apcr. flprpo4otl. uuc^., .Ve 6, 106-181. - IJ er cxuir,W. C. 1985. Ceweilcraoyxeo6pa:nrre gueft(Colubridae). ]Krgqr xrrBorrrbrx. -B: T. 5. M,, Ilpocrerqeulre, 282-322. o r e :r r, B. A. 1,962. O6uas trapa3r{rorortrr. Jl., I4zt. IlfY. 464 c. fI e nr e B, II., H. E o e s. 1.962. Qay:rra na Ermapnr. Kparrr onpeAerr[reJr ua rpr6Hauuure. C., I I ap (D p e a e, Hapogua npocnera. 520 c. B. ?L VL 1965. 1965, Ocsosri Ocsosu qecroAonoratr. V. IlpcreoqeQa-rrrsr uecro.tr( au$u6uir. r4 perr{,rrft. M., Hayxa. 538 c. IIIapnrno,B.n.,B. 14.Mon.ierIKo. - rrerrroqglre renrunlrr prr6, 1971.Oxn3ueusoM4cileo$uorenruerponeftcxotOphiottieniaeuropaeaOdening, 1963(Cestoda,Ophiotaeniidae).-Becrr-.sool.,J\b6, 90-92. III a p n Ir rr o, B. n. 1976. Ilapasurtltecnlle qepBu rpecMhrKaroqn(ca $ayrri CCCP. Kreg, Hayroea gyura. 287 c. IIIyrrq,P.C.,E.B. lBo3Aes. l9T2.Ocuosrro6uteirorr,Muurorror.rrr4,T.Z.M.,Ha;.xa.-<15c. O xlI3HeHHoM rtr{Kne Ophiotaen[a europea (Cestoda: Ophiotaeniidae) Odening, 196L" Bot,trco Eticeprcoe, Todop feuoe IJenmpatouaa taiopamopua eer,biluilmorceuu - EAH (Pesroue) Mzyuattu xu:seHurli L\:aKr Ophiotclenid europaea B 3ncmepnl\{errraxbr{brx ycJroBr{rx. R Kaqectse nepBbrx npoMex(yrortHbrx xo3qeB ncrroJrb3oBaJru Becnouorr{x paqKoB (Cyclops vicinus, Acanthocyclops robustus u Eudiaptomu,s vulgaris), AotroJrHrrreirbptt6 (Puntius letrdzonct tetrazona) rr 3eMuoBo.qnrrx (ro,roracrnKaB Rand H;IX ridibunda), onoHqarerbHrrx -. zweir (Natrix tessellata, Coluber .iugularis, Coronella custridcct). 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